Try Ubuntu (or whatever Linux you enjoy, it's just that Ubuntu is mostly hand-off for 5 years), I just bought a ~6 y/o laptop for my brother, a Fujitsu Lifebook E736 (introduced in 2016), 512 GB hard drive, 8 GB ram, some Corei5 CPU 150 eur, I did put a new battery in it. Works like a charm, 0 complaints.
But, to be honest, the guy that sold it put some super bare Win10 on it and that also felt pretty fast.
In any event, for email and web-browsing I think Ubuntu is just perfect. I have it on our HTPC and the whole family uses it without thinking twice. And it stays fast.
Oh, our family laptop (the one the kids use, and I do on occasion) is a Dell Latitude E5450, first introduced in 2015(!), I got it 2nd hands in 2019, it looked barely used. I put Ubuntu on it (but recently I installed Arch, when I regularly use a machine myself I prefer it), the thing still feels like a fast new laptop, the kids went through Covid with it, using Teams (for Linux) and doing online homework. I use it for dev work on the side. Love the machine.
My advice: Get a second hand business model from a good source (some local trader that gets good reviews, or you can visit, we have a lot of local IT people gathering on a website here that sell older business hardware [0, Dutch website]). Plus, it's nice to give stuff a second life instead of buying cheap throw-away shitware for cheap.
[0]: https://tweakers.net/laptops/aanbod/