GitHub Copilot may steer Microsoft into a copyright lawsuit
theregister.com
theregister.com
Should the first person who wrote that code in C get to claim ownership over anything that is substantially similar?
According to the courts in the US, the answer is “No”, and thank goodness for that!
But a recent article showed some specific examples where a 15-line code chunk was clearly copied and pasted from someone's github code, with a couple variables renamed and identical comments but with '//' instead of '/* ... */'. If this were homework, it would be reported as copied.
So I suspect there's not as much "intelligence" in this system as advertised.
You can copy and paste verbatim anything that is utilitarian in nature. This includes basically all optimized algorithms, implementations of mathematical algorithms, boilerplate.
It does not include class structures, code organization, comments, or any other “arbitrary” aspects of code.
Rule of thumb: Useful? Not copyright. Useless? Copyright.
As I understand it (not a lawyer, but did take an IP law class a number of years ago), all creative works get copyright by default. A list requiring no creativity, such as a complete alphabetical list of names and phone numbers, has no copyright, or at least "thin" copyright. However, lists that show creativity ("most important phone numbers in the US") have copyright even though the facts they contain are not copyrighted.
"Optimized algorithms" are most definitely creative. Even a straightforward implementation of an algorithm has creativity, if only in naming, the use of `for` vs `foreach` vs `while`, and any machine/OS/language specific details.
Class structures and code organization is definitely copyrighted: Google's (successful) defense in Google v. Oracle was not that APIs (class structures and organization) are not copyrightable, but that their use of the APIs was fair use. Comments are even more copyrightable, as they are creative writing describing the code. Unless your comments are mechanically generated, I guess, then the phone book ruling could hold, but in that case you should improve your comments.
A more accurate rule of thumb is that everything is copyrighted.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction-Filtration-Compari...
This allows for verbatim copies if they are utilitarian in nature!
As for why we should allow verbatim copies of utilitarian features... First, let's preface this with the substantial similarity of the structure, sequence and organization as established in Whelan v. Jaslow which amongst other things says that you cannot merely change the variable names if the expressive structure of the code remains the same. Now let's imagine 10,000 software developers who all implement Dijkstra's algorithm in C and then run it through clang-format. Aside from variable names, isn't it safe to assume that many of the implementations are going to be exactly the same?
Now, this doesn’t mean that GitHub is not in violation of other copyright claims, such as clearly expressive parts like comments and more!
"If there's only one good way to do it, OK, then that's probably not eligible for copyright."
That's from Tyler T. Ochoa:
Professor Ochoa is a recognized expert in copyright law and rights of publicity. He joined the Santa Clara University School of Law faculty in 2003, and he served as Academic Director of the High Technology Law Institute for the 2005-2006 academic year. Prior to joining Santa Clara Law, Professor Ochoa served as a professor and co-director of the Center for Intellectual Property Law at Whittier Law School. He has also served as a clerk for the Honorable Cecil F. Poole of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and as an associate with the law firm of Brown & Bain in Palo Alto, California, where he specialized in copyright and trade secret litigation involving computer software. He is also a two-time “Jeopardy!” champion and a champion on “Win Ben Stein’s Money”.
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