Estonia paved the way for e-government

> As a result, Estonia has eliminated virtually all physical paper documents from government processes. Today, the only reasons a citizen needs to show up in person are to get married, divorced or exchange property. Everything else can be done online.

This seems a bit difficult to believe.

For example, getting a passport, naturalizing as a citizen, or renouncing citizenship, etc., doesn't require anyone to show up?

If your fingerprints are not too old (i think it was 12 years but others can correct me) you can take picture for the document at home and only show up when the document is ready for pick up.

Source: from Estonia and just renewed ID, mobile ID and passport from home :)

How are oaths of citizenship handled, if Estonia has one?

I dealt with Estonia’s e-resident system in the past, and it’s absolutely fantastic. A model all governments should look to.

Source code for X-Road: https://github.com/nordic-institute/X-Road