I wish they explained why the moon being that much closer would have such a dramatic effect on the day length. Can someone explain this? Seems off to me, but I'm very physics-naive.
Also, good to know it's drifting away, and not towards the earth!
I wish they explained why the moon being that much closer would have such a dramatic effect on the day length. Can someone explain this? Seems off to me, but I'm very physics-naive.
Also, good to know it's drifting away, and not towards the earth!
I don't know offhand whether that would happen before the Moon drifts too far away to remain in Earth's orbit, however.
The moon cannot orbit at a higher speed while keeping the same semi-major axis (average distance to the orbital centre of mass).
If you suddenly doubled the orbital speed of the moon right now, the apoapsis (the highest point in its orbit relative to the orbital centre of mass) would increase significantly.
If you slowly accelerate the moon in the direction of its orbital velocity consistently over a long time period, the moon will slow down relative to the Earth, but it's semi major axis will increase.
Actual scientists of HN: have at me.
Knowing what I know about that game I read this as: Warning; I actually know what I'm talking about here.
“Will the Moon ever leave the Earth’s orbit?” => https://youtu.be/IM_euz9PUiw
This is called tidal locking, and if the universe consisted of only the Earth and moon, this would in fact happen. However, the big heavy Sun also affects both the Earth and moon's rotations.
So why do I say that it has happened? Because the moon, having significantly less mass than the Earth, is almost tidally locked to the Earth. That's why we always see the same side of the moon. So the Earth's rotation hasn't synchronized with the moon's revolution, but the moon's rotation has nearly synchronized with the Earth's revolution (actually both the Earth and moon revolve around their common barycenter).
So, I would think when the moon moves away from the earth, its total energy increases. Thus, the earth's energy decreases (in the form of slightly reduced rotational kinetic energy)
mv^2/r = GMm/r^2.
—> mv^2/2 = 0.5 GMm/r
—> Kinetic plus potential = - 0.5 GMm/r
This goes up with r.
But once the lunar month = earth day the transfer will stop and the moon will slowly approach earth again, until it hits the roche limit and becomes a ring.
Think of the moon being in free fall, without any external forces acting on it. It would be moving at a constant velocity in a straight line, except the space and time it is in is curved due to gravity. Because of that curved spacetime, the moon appears to accelerate relative to the Earth. It's not actually accelerating, though; it is moving in a straight line at a constant velocity, the straight line just happens to be curved completely around the Earth.
The tidal forces are literal forces, and forces cause acceleration. So, the moon isn't quite moving at constant velocity. The change in velocity means the moon isn't quite travelling in a straight line through spacetime. The orbit changes, and in this case gets higher and slower relative to the Earth.
Another way to think about it. If you're in a space ship at a point X1 in an orbit, you can steer the nose of the ship in the direction you're moving relative to the Earth, and fire your rocket engine. You're now going faster. The opposite end of your orbit, point Y1, will now be higher in altitude than it would have otherwise been. Your relative speed at Y1 will indeed be slower than where you would have been had you not fired your engine, but when you circle back to X1 again your speed will still be higher. When you get to Y1 again, you could fire your engine a second time and increase your speed even more. You'll no longer end up back at X1, but a new point X2 at a higher altitude than X1 was. Your relative velocity at X2 will be lower than it was at X1.
In space, "speed" isn't really velocity, but acceleration. Big rocket engines make you go fast! In The Martian, the main character makes a comment to that effect when he talks about NASA convincing him to strap himself into a hodge podge death rocket, by claiming he'll be the "fastest" astronaut in history.
In a future where humans practically travel to a distant star, a "fast enough" space ship would be one that can maintain constant non-trivial acceleration for many decades. You would accelerate to the halfway point, then turn around and decelerate the rest of the way. Assuming you got fast enough relative to the destination, weird relativistic effects would become obviously apparent and the travellers would perceive space and time compressing.
Earth-Moon momentum is conserved.
Think of a pregnant woman (the Earth) spinning on a seivel chair. The woman gives birth to her child (the Moon) and she takes the child in her arms and extends it at arm's length.
Their rotation slows down, just like an iceskater slows down when spinning and extending their arms.
The Earth does not have phisical arms holding the Moon, but it has gravity and the Moon also has gravity that affects the ocean tides -- the tidal effects are like tiny tiny arms that both the Earth and the Moon use to push eachother away (and lose a lot of energy in the process also).
The Earth is losing rotational momentum at the expense of the Moon, which is gaining momentum and increasing speed in traveling around the Earth which increases the centrifugal force which means the Moon goes to a higher and higher orbit and further and further away from Earth.
Just in case any of you were thinking of patenting this idea, I'm afraid that someone beat you to it: https://patents.google.com/patent/US3216423A/en
It's not that the moon being closer caused the day to be shorter. It's that if we extrapolate backwards from the current values of the day length and the rate of slowing, we calculate that the day must have been 17 hours back then. The cause-and-effect is that the 17-hour rotational period became 24 hours by tidal deceleration.
Other posts have given the cause - conservation of angular momentum in the Earth-Moon system. Angular momentum transfers from the Earth's rotation to the Moon's orbit.
If what you're concerned about is the magnitude of the effect, that's pretty well explainable - the planet now rotates 25% slower when the moon is 25% farther.
Tropical/Solar days = 24 hours
But
Sidereal = 23 h 56 min 4.0905 seconds
Why the difference?
Because of those prior mentioned forces causing the location of the sun to be slightly out of alignment from where it started the day prior. Or something like that.
Tropic/Solar days are determined by the position of the sun, as per the name.
Sidereal are based upon the position of the stars. or so I understand.
To be clear. I am not an expert. I am just regurgitating what I read from NASA.
After 23 hours 56 minutes the earth has made a full rotation relative to the stars. But it has to turn for a further 4 minutes to get the sun to be above the same place on the earth.
The difference between the day lengths is one day divided the number of days in a year, i.e. approximately 24 hours / 365.
Also, wobble does play a factor. You may want to look into it again some more.
https://singularityhub.com/2022/08/07/the-length-of-earths-d....
> Apart from these large-scale changes, over shorter periods weather and climate also have important impacts on Earth's rotation, causing variations in both directions. The fortnightly and monthly tidal cycles move mass around the planet, causing changes in the length of day by up to a millisecond in either direction.