Beyond that, I don’t know, but I would expect things like some lower-powered and -storaged devices rejecting service workers, and maybe privacy modes too, though in that case they could possibly be allowed with just background stuff neutered.
It’s similar to a large part of the reason why Local Storage and Indexed DB were historically disabled in Private Browsing: why store stuff when it’s only going to be deleted immediately?
Browsers have mostly headed in the direction of removing distinguishing features from their Private Browsing modes, partly to thwart detection of that mode, and partly because many things started to carelessly depend on the gated functionality. Firefox still doesn’t allow writing to Indexed DB (and only made Local Storage work far later than Chromium), and I’ve definitely encountered sites that just assumed it would work, and so fell over in early initialisation.
And so for this specific subthread: it’s ossification at work. If something is supposed to be able to change but never actually changes, you find when you try to change it that you can’t do so any more because people have built too much stuff that assumed it wouldn’t change.