Scientists are finding fungi in cancerous tumors
smithsonianmag.com
smithsonianmag.com
This study hasn’t ruled out contamination as the cause for the results. Given that, it’s very likely to be BS.
As much as I would love to be able to do this, I’m unsure where to start, and while I’m certain there would be a stackoverflow community for it, I wouldn’t even know what to ask.
I know this sounds like a joke comment, but I feel like we live in a time where someone could post some Jupyter notebooks on the matter, and for someone to create a step by step video on YouTube to guide people through the process.
Yet.
Find some data of interest: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra?term=(%22Homo%20sapiens%22[... (This searches SRA for human genome sequences on illumina with fastq files available)
Run fasterq-dump on the SRR (listed as "Runs" in the SRA page of your choice): fasterq-dump SRR21812682
Download a microbial genome of interest, here is the link for common yeast: https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/all/GCF/000/146/045/GCF...
Install an alignment tool like bwa: https://github.com/lh3/bwa
Unzip the the genome file and create a bwa index: gunzip GCF_000146045.2_R64_genomic.fna.gz && bwa index GCF_000146045.2_R64_genomic.fna
Align: bwa GCF_000146045.2_R64_genomic.fna SRR21812682.fastq (or whatever the fastq files are named)
If you get any alignment results, you've "found" fungal DNA in a human sample. This is a highly simplified workflow, but covers the basic ideas. One of the papers is free and the method sections covers their workflow (it is much more complicated):
https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)01127-8
Useful resources: https://www.biostars.org/ https://rosalind.info/problems/list-view/?location=bioinform... https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/organization/ccg/research/s... (source data for this paper, cancer specific sequencing data)
Yes, this is an approximate workflow. It doesn’t take that much specialized knowledge to get it running.
However step 2/3 (find/download a dataset of interest) is harder. Finding whole genome sequencing data for a cancer that you can download without being part of a research institution is difficult. There are a lot of controls over who can access raw DNA sequences from patients. RNA data are much more readily available as they are less identifiable.
Specifically, here is the type of access you need:
https://gdc.cancer.gov/access-data/obtaining-access-controll...
The reasons for this are good and I’m not trying to say otherwise. Just that from a practical perspective, being able to technically perform the analysis is doable for many non-biomedical people here. However, accessing the raw data is much more difficult.
I feel there is a "basic bootcamp for the 21C" that I missed
If you had thousands of sequence reads from multiple unknown organisms, then you’d have to implement a meta genomics pipeline.
All the software for this is already made. You take your sequence reads, trim them a bit, assemble them into “contigs”, and then map those contigs to known genomes in the magical tree of life.
We are currently in the WTF is going on here phase. $5 of anti-fungal medication cuts some cancer death rates in half? Is a tiny amount of fungus in cancer tissue driving growth and metastasis? Does Terbinafine have some other anti-cancer mechanism?
I read an interesting hypothesis that many cancers can be treated by changing (perhaps unpredictable) variables in the patient's body.
We already know cancers thrive in nutrient-rich environments and that many tumors have a narrower set of survival conditions than the normal tissue around them. That's why chemo works: you start to kill the whole person and the tumor (hopefully) dies first.
So what if you just randomly messed around with the conditions of the body? Give someone a diabetes drug, change their diet, add an antifungal... we've seen random successes like this, and the unifying theory might be that the cancer was thriving because it had exactly the right conditions, and now we can change them to cause the cancer to stop thriving.
Can you provide a source for this? There are a lot of cranks right now claiming that there's no such thing as a virus because we've never been able to get a non-contaminated sequence (something I've assumed was due to culturing). If this is true of everything there's no limit to what can and cannot exist per their insane arguments.
In this case, I don't really know much about this either way, but 30 seconds of effort by just copy/pasting the exact sentence you quoted into Google found me something that seems to fit the bill, showing that contaminants in sequencing is "pervasive" and must be accounted for--such as by filtering things that look out of scope--to get reasonable results.
https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-02...
> Contaminant DNA in bacterial sequencing experiments is a major source of false genetic variability
> We found that contamination is pervasive and can introduce large biases in variant analysis. We showed that these biases can result in hundreds of false positive and negative SNPs, even for samples with slight contamination. Studies investigating complex biological traits from sequencing data can be completely biased if contamination is neglected during the bioinformatic analysis, and we demonstrate that removing contaminant reads with a taxonomic classifier permits more accurate variant calling.
For me, this is the real question. I expect for a certain level of bacterial and fungal contamination in sequencing experiments. Hell, I've even seen sequencing reads contaminated by the sequencing facility and not from tissue collection lab.
"Across-kingdom partnership between bacteria and fungi can result in the two joining to form a “superorganism”
...
They were stickier, more resistant to antimicrobials, and more difficult to remove from teeth than either the bacteria or the fungi alone
...
What’s more, the assemblages unexpectedly sprout “limbs” that propel them to “walk” and “leap” to quickly spread on the tooth surface, despite each microbe on its own being non-motile"
https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/microbes-cause-cavities-can...
Swimming bacteria promote dispersal of non-motile staphylococcal species https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28398350/
EDIT: I found an article in English:
https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/10/18/inenglish/15398...
Another funny fact - most cancer cells get energy the same way as fungus/yeast - by fermentation, and not like most human cells by perspiration. That might be why those people said "cancer is just fungus".
>Mahmoud Ghannoum, Ph.D., an NIH-funded researcher since 1993, who’s spent his career studying fungi in the body (there are about 50 different species living in our gut specifically). Dr. Ghannoum is credited with uncovering the significant interplay between bacteria and fungi, which affects the critical balance of the body’s microbiome. (Much of this interaction occurs at a digestive plaque wall that Ghannoum discovered with his research team at Case Western Reserve University in 2016.)
[1] https://goop.com/wellness/health/new-in-gut-health-fungis-im...
He is considered a quack by most people though I would give him the benefit of doubt.
Their next paper will demonstrate that contrary to popular belief, wheat is not a plant but a composite organism!
I wouldn't be very surprised to learn that fungae somehow survive the immune system and their ongoing battle creates cancer.
For my own experiences... my depression is linked to sugar somehow, and green veggies seem to cause some mental bouts where I don't want to exist. There's almost always 4 days in between ingestion and symptom. (I found notes from 2016 but only made the connection around 2018 and have been testing around with different foods after that)
Is that they are your bodies away of wrapping up something bad that it can't otherwise deal with. In a protective layer to contain. Similar to how a clams makes a pearl layer by layer around a foreign particle.
Its called thinking it doesn't always have to be logical.