These are all things we used to teach in high school. Did we stop? It's been a few decades for me.
We also have mechanical engineering, culinary, law enforcement & forensic science, marketing & business, computer science, game design, education, ROTC, printshop, photography, we even have a class that teaches students how to do their taxes! (it is literally 2 lessons) and this is in Texas where people assume the worst about our schools.
Many people that comment here about education don't really know what happens in a school outside of their memories of going to school as a teenager. When I became a teacher and looked back at the school I went to, I was surprised at all the opportunities that were available that I either wasn't interested in, or didn't notice existed. Most things that people think "schools should teach" are actually being taught at schools.
> fixing a car
As far as I remember, working with machinery was restricted to the academy students at my highschool, which was something like 5% of the students. It only accepts freshmen, so if you didn't get in then you can't get in later.
> understanding music and playing music, art appreciation
We did have band, but I don't recall anything for the rest.
> literature
We had English classes where we did some lightweight books - I remember Animal Farm, The Great Gatsby, and The Scarlett Letter. Thicker books like Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World were in the academy version of the English classes, but not ours.
> understanding the human condition
We did have one or two psychology classes.
> daily exercise
Gym was required for a year or two, after that almost all of us opted out. It was pretty terrible, and I wouldn't be surprised if it put most of us off exercise. I know I cared less afterwards (used to have fun biking and rollerblading, gym class took the fun out of it).
Calculus: Yes, but not everyone took it. Those whose took pre calc the prior year would take either Calc or Stats their senior year, or pre calc if they haven’t taken it.
Fixing a car: Yes, if you went to the charter school and took that elective.
Understanding music: Don’t recall any specific classes on this, may have been possible with dual enrollment.
Playing music: After elementary school, only if you joined band.
Literature and understanding the human condition: I guess most language arts classes ended up like this, but I don’t feel like many people cared outside of getting good grades in the class.
Daily exercise: For high schoolers, one PE class was required for graduation and most people took it freshman year. People didn’t usually take any other athletic electives unless you were an athlete or really wanted to for some reason.