I can safely consider myself senior designer (doing UX design for more than 20 years).
I always ask about deadlines. I believe not doing so is highly unprofessional. I have other tasks in parallel, clients have other tasks in parallel. Deadlines = priorities. Discussing priorities is critical.
I only "explore beyond just one idea" if agreed with the client.
Of course I explain what I did and why, but I also say “let me know what you think!”.
I never actually ask for help :-) But if I did, "asking for help by proposing a solution" seems counter-productive to me.
I disciplined myself to never "struggle" while working. But this line - "One blames their manager, mentor or client for their struggles. The other keeps working." - just sounds wrong to me.
I also think the most important piece is left behind in the article. The secret of successful UX design is to understand deeply what problem(s) your design is solving. Then it's just a matter of finding the best solution to these clearly defined problems and "designing" it.