The lighthouse in economics (1974) [pdf]
courses.cit.cornell.edu
courses.cit.cornell.edu
Note: The link I provided above is for a later relaunch of the project on Bitcoin Cash.
Elodie Bertrand's critique is worth considering: https://cv.archives-ouvertes.fr/elodie-bertrand
Without a way to accept payments and prohibit access to something otherwise easily accessible, a business can’t be made around it.
We can think of DRM or IP as prohibiting access, but there’s plenty of real life examples. A public park is cordoned off for a concert which requires payment to get into. A natural harbor has docks built into it and a fee is charged to boats that stop there.
Unless you have dominance assured contracts aka kickstarter, allowing for things to be paid for, produced and consumed, with no necessary relationship between payment and consumption. Or you could have an advertising supported model where again there is no necessary relationship between consumption and spending.