How the War in Ukraine Might End
newyorker.com
newyorker.com
Still, the material basis of production matters too. WWI couldn't have been such a long war without the invention of an economical synthetic ammonia. In the current case, Russia can't outproduce the allies, and may not even be able to keep making sufficient shells; Germany made itself genuinely self-sufficient before WWII (including synthetic oil tech licensed from the US) but Russian production now is highly dependent on Western chips, etc. This may eventually see the Ukrainians sweep the field after a long period of attrition.