Putin grants Russian citizenship to Edward Snowden
npr.org
npr.org
I don't know how it works in Russia specifically, but I think in most countries the issuing of passports is subject to executive discretion, and even if Snowden technically has the possibility of challenging such a refusal in court, I don't imagine a court ruling against the Kremlin.
Assuming he did have a passport, though, the question becomes "How could he escape Russia?". Russia probably has a system for recording the passport numbers of people who should be detained if they try to leave the country, but maybe that system isn't 100% effective when it comes to Russia's vast remote borders and enforcement officers who might be willing to take a bribe.
(If you were going to disobey your orders like that, though, you'd probably also want to seek political asylum in whichever country you were supposed to be guarding the border with, since Putin probably won't respond well to the news that his political pawn has slipped out of his grasp).
Then the problem becomes "How does Snowden remain a free man while the US are after him?". I don't know if he's on a secret Interpol wanted list, and they probably don't have his (hypothetical) new Russian passport number, so he might be safe for a while. But suppose he manages to get as far as Finland or Norway. Could he really then catch a flight to Ecuador without his plane being forced to land so he can be arrested on America's behalf?
I think his best bet would be to travel (visa free) to Georgia, in a bus or something. Then fly from Tbilisi to Doha, and from there to Caracas, with a final leg to Quito. Alternatively, if he wanted to live in a G20 nation without a formal extradition treaty with the US, he could travel east to Indonesia.
One final consideration is that Biden might actually want to pardon him (or at least pre-emptively reduce his sentence to some token amount, like one year, if that's even constitutionally possible). In such a scenario, it might be dangerous to announce this pardon while Snowden is still in Russia, since it makes him look like more of a flight risk, so the CIA would presumably have to contact him securely (I see the irony with that) and tell him that if he can get to a neutral third country, Biden will publicly announce the pardon. That would then make Snowden's travel out of Georgia (for example) a lot easier.
src: https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/09/26/putin-grants-citizenshi...
The only use of Snowden I can imagine so far is the same they gave to Medvechuk during last week.
There have also been reports of people without military experience being taken [2]
That said, I very much doubt they'd draft Snowden, I don't see what purpose that would serve. Also I'm not sure I'd consider him "outspoken" on the issue, but he has expressed criticism of the Russian government over the years, including their invasion of the Ukraine. In his own words, "It was not my choice to be here, and this is what people forget. ... It was not my choice to live in Russia."
I very much doubt he considers Russia any better than the US with respect to their military & espionage programs, especially because I'd bet there's a firm (and low) upper limit on how much outspokenness the government there would tolerate from him. His value to Russia is his continuous presence on the world stage serving as a reminder about how the U.S. operates with respect to intelligence gathering. Otherwise, he's probably only 2-3 furious anti-Putin diatribes away from being the next underwear nerve-toxin assassination target.
[1] https://www.politico.eu/article/text-vladimir-putin-mobiliza...
[2] https://www.npr.org/2019/09/12/760121373/edward-snowden-tell...
And it’s actually not a lot when you break it down. They each specialize in different areas of intelligence. NSA does SIGINT, NGA does GEOINT, military branches do intelligence for military intelligence in their respective branch, law enforcement intelligence for law enforcement, and so on.
i.e.: Parallel construction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_construction
Because they get the information using illegal methods... that's why.