Personality, IQ and other differences: twins raised apart in S.Korea/USA

The Monozygotic female twins raised apart in South Korea and the United States in very different environments, aside from their different countries and cultures.

US endured a conflictual home atmosphere; SK enjoyed a more harmonious home setting. Prior studies show that genes moderately influence perception of childhood family environments . However, US and SK showed little resemblance in rearing family.

Many behavioral traits (conscientiousness, self-esteem) remain the same despite their very different rearing environments (overall r = 0.95). They also show that cultural climates can modify values.