I am not sure about the language agnostic part. But I have an unusual book in mind which is out of print. It is by Udi Manber. The name is Introduction to Algorithms: A Creative Approach.

The book emphasises on the "design" part of the process. It shows how to employ induction to design algorithms. It is unlike any other book I have ever seen in this domain.

You can find it here: https://doc.lagout.org/science/0_Computer%20Science/2_Algori...