Outside the US, credit cards are much less common outside the US. The alternative to credit cards isn't CoD, it's debit cards, which are connected directly to a bank account. Merchants love debit cards because they have near-zero transaction fees.
You don't need credit card for chargebacks, just strong consumer protection laws that permit the bank to claw the money back from the merchant.
As for fraud, I don't have any data, and I'm sure there's plenty, but we have had chip-and-PIN in Europe for decades, and for more than a decade cards have been protected with 3D Secure and similar types of mandatory 2FA, so having the card number is not enough to complete a transaction.
People seem more wary of accruing debt in Europe; it's easy to lose control over your personal finances with a credit card. But we have middlemen like Klarna now that offer credit-card-like payment deferral. Klarna appears as just another payment processor, but takes on all the risk, similar to a credit card company.
The only thing I miss from US credit cards are cash back rewards.