Is there a good book for people without a compsci background to better understand terms?
I've been learning Rust (and lots of go) as my first language and the terminology of things really throws me off, I feel like simple concepts are wrapped around what sound like confusing math words/phrasing.
I'm partially trying to learn syntax, language'isms and vocabulary at the same time.
All the power to you to get through challenge mode. My first languages were C and javascript when the documentation was pretty much just books, but the amount of resources online these days is just incredible. After you learn a couple of them the rest get a lot easier. If you're stuck on math-related computer stuff I liked the Schaum's outline of essential computer mathematics a lot for getting up to speed. [3]
If you're looking to make things a little bit easier you could aim for higher level languages which don't require you to think as hard about what you mentioned because it's abstracted away. Python is popular for this reason and has a ton of immediate practical use, but I also like Ruby and Lua for ease of writing. Just keep in mind that these languages tend to get comparatively harder to use the larger or tighter your program's requirements get.
[1] https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/glossary.html
[3] https://www.abebooks.com/9780070379909/Schaums-Outline-Essen...
This isn't going to solve your immediate problem, but the trick is to build your own compsci background. Data Structures, Algo, Operating Systems, Discrete Math, etc. courses are all available online various platforms (youtube has a lot of the lectures). I went through lectures and problems from Cornell, Stanford, CMU and MIT online for free. It is gonna take some time, but I suggest starting to chip away at the lectures. It's a nice break from actively hacking on something.
What do you mean understand terms?
If you need help with programming check out the link in my profile and we can set some time up - it will be more beneficial than buying a book