Seems like it would have to either stop the drive, maybe triggering shock protection, or make it read incorrect data, which could be possible if the read head's correction mechanism was resonating. If its delay was half the sound's frequency, it would try to correct in the same direction as its being pushed by the sound, causing the feedback loop for resonance.

each material has natural frequencies at which they oscillate. if you produce that frequency you can get the material to shake until it breaks.

that's how you can use sound to shatter glass. or why the tacoma narrows bridge collapsed.

in this case the sound included a frequency that affected the laptops harddisks which are obviously sensitive to shaking