Take a look at the tasks from last year: https://github.com/luker983/nsa-codebreaker-2021

I think https://nsa-codebreaker.org/resources (about half-way down, in the "Technical Resources" section) might answer that?

I glanced at last year's, it looks like a pretty practical scavenger hunt with multiple steps and increasing difficulty. Pretty cool reading what goes into an exploit that would give someone a shell.