"Many government welfare forms, housing applications, and jobs applications these days require the use of the internet exclusively with no option to fill things out in person."
Why is this? Really, this does not seem like a problem Google caused, but rather a problem caused by the government when they made it mandatory to have internet access to get the benefits they should get. Would they have made it mandatory to call them on the phone, back when phone access was not yet universal? If they had, would AT&T have been at fault?
The government caused this problem.
I'm all in favor of finding a non-government solution (charity sponsored by HN people to get people Yubikey or equivalent, maybe). But this is not really a problem caused by Google, and if these people were having their benefits scammed away from them because their email accounts were hacked, people would be excoriating them for not instituting 2FA.