Some version of this exists across the entire US government - it's called a qui tam. However, qui tams are more limited to cases where the government has been defrauded (as opposed to Dodd Frank which covers financial violations that don't directly effect the US government).

For corruption within the government, you can report it to an inspector general (there is a different inspector general for each government agency), although there is not typically a financial reward associated with such a report.

They do:

https://www.irs.gov/compliance/whistleblower-office

Or NSA. They've got a big problem of not appreciating whistleblowers.