It Depends.

Any f-droid app that depends on location uses the standard android location APIs. That means you're submitting what RF networks (mobile and wifi) are visible, and Google then passes back an approximate location. Once you have a good GPS lock, the same data is submitted to Google again for inclusion in their database.

If you avoid installing Google Play services, you'll have to use a framework like microG that re-implements the Google APIs. microG lets you plug in a number of backends, with a default of sending the same data to Mozilla Location Services instead of Google. You can easily turn this off and use local-only location providers that either build their own database any time you have a GPS lock, or use downloads from opencellid.