Why emphasize that? 30 year mortgages are common in the US. At current rates of 5.5%, the total paid in interest will be bigger than the original loan.
Of course, most US mortgages are taken out on housing units that actually exist.
The mechanics of this are a bit scary, I wonder how much real data there is on it.
Paradoxically, if it were the US, it would be so bad it may wipe out the nation.
But Xi has the Central Banks politicized fully ... he can make currency worth whatever he wants. He has to reallocate/rebalance without causing a revolution.
And if it does get bad, they may try to start a war as a distraction. That sounds extremely cynical but it's a real thing that happens.
Construction is usually financed by a construction loan, at a higher rate than a mortgage, and the builder is the borrower. But not always. Here are some US failures from the 2008 housing crash.[1]
China has an unusual problem - the Party really, really doesn't like elections. For anything. But China has buyable apartments, which work like condominiums. Some organization has to run the building and maintain the common areas. That led to the creation of homeowners' associations with elected officials. This got party officials upset, and now efforts are being made to make HOAs subordinate to the local Communist Party units.[2]
[1] https://www.mortgagefit.com/construction/loan-default.html
To add to that, taking a mortgage for a house that doesn't already exist is a very used practice outside of China, too, I know over here in Romania lots of people do it.
It's called credit for "casa la rosu", basically all you need to show to the bank is a contract between you and the developer and a "registration" thingie for the house in question with the local city-hall (again, even if the house doesn't already exist, in practice). It comes with a price discount (I haven't kept up, I think it's in the 20-30% range, maybe bigger) but, of course, it's all very risky (or at least that's my opinion). That hasn't stopped lots and lots of people from taking those type of mortgages.
The difference is that the developer must be reputable and the price is actually paid in several tranches, as the construction passes defined milestones. The bank will require independent assessments of the state of construction before approving any partial payment.
But yeah, it is still risky. You need to contribute at least 20 per cent of your own funds as a downpayment, and the downpayment is paid first. I wouldn't dare do that with an unknown developer. I risked it with a corporation that has been in operation since 1998 and has a lot of references.
Most countries do not have this.
Edit: CN definition: (household leverage ratio) = (mortgages paid in 22Q1) / (total disposable income in 22Q1)
In the UK at least, a buyer can borrow up to 95% of the home's value and I think 4 or 4.5x the borrower's annual income.
Of course people tend to pay mortgage early to avoid paying many times over at 10%.
But, having small montly payment helps in case you have some temporary financial emergency.
In Canada mortgages are typically 25 or 30 year amortization periods, but you can only fix the rate for 10 years (usually less as you get a much lower rate).
After the 5 years you renew your mortgage at the current interest rate with the same bank, or try and refinance entirely which requires the same paperwork as a new mortgage.
The US and I believe Netherlands are the rare countries where you can get fixed rate for the entire 30 year amortization period.
- there was a postwar housing shortage, so the housing quality that came up to meet that demand quickly was not good. even if the house is still maintained well (a later point), japan has seen meteoric rises with living standards over the past 100 years, so it probably isn't compatible with modern wants and needs
- Japanese earthquake codes were regularly revised until 1981 after lessons learned from disasters. buildings from before that time have a significantly higher rate of collapse during earthquakes, so buying one and keeping it is a bit of a gamble on your life
- because of the depreciation, there isn't a lot of incentive to maintain your house well to the point where it can last more than 30 years
of course, all these things might be less true now that Japan has stagnated since the '90s, so there are reports of more people accepting renovating a house they buy rather than tearing down.
- construction is really big business in Japan, and as a result has deep ties to politics and is a usual beneficiary of Japanese stimulus programs (of which there have been many, since Japan has tried and failed at spending its way out of deflation)
- NIMBYism on buildings is much lower than in the US or Europe, due to the expectation that they are temporary
- because of the lack of NIMBYism, Japanese architects get a lot of leeway to build cutting edge projects, and so are very well represented in the world of star-chitecture
In the USA, the usual mortgage has a fixed interest rate for the term of the mortgage. In New Zealand the interest rate is approximately a floating (edit:variable) rate over the 30 year period.
In NZ the mortgage interest rate (which controls your repayments) can be fixed for up to 5 years (the median is 2) but after the “fixed” period the interest rate resets to the current interest rates (edit: typically mortgagees lock in a new 2 year “fixed” rate at the current 2 year interest rate). NZ rates were around 2% to 3% since 2008 [1], but now they are closer to 6% [2] and most mortgage holders in New Zealand will have to pay twice as much for the interest component of their mortgage repayment, putting some people under financial stress (an acquaintance is being forced to sell an investment property because they were over-leveraged). The mortgage interest rate over the 30 year term is more of a stepwise approximation to the floating interest rate: I am unsure how much control the mortgage holder has over varying the principal repayments (I think I can pay 20% more principal per payment, shortening 30 year term to 24 years).
It is more complicated than that, and the USA has a wide variety of mortgage products you can buy including ones similar to NZ (not just the usual USA fixed rate 30 year). Other countries have their own quirks, so I am only speaking for NZ where I understand the details better.
No need for confusing naming. You're talking about fixed rate, variable rate and short period fixed rate mortgages.
For example, in Australia and NZ a “fixed rate”[1] mortgage is not the same as what you have called a “fixed rate” mortgage. Australia looks like it offers up to 10 years at a fixed rate on a 30 year mortgage (ANZ? some banks like Westpac only offer 5 years?). Banks in NZ offer up to 5 years, even though they are mostly Ozzie banks. Ozzie banks typically offer something called offset mortgages - that word doesn’t get used in NZ at all AFAIK (instead NZers can apply for a seperate revolving mortgage, I haven’t seen it bundled like in Oz).
What you call “variable rate” is called “floating rate” in New Zealand (and search completion hinted maybe the same for Canada & Singapore).
It is confusing.
[1] https://www.loans.com.au/home-loans/everything-you-need-to-k...
And it's typically called an "adjustable rate" in the states.
Weird!