No, it is fundamentally different, because firstly, it requires the client device to be locked down enough - and to monitor your activity enough - that it can provide attestation that the user is human, and secondly, it ties that attestation to an Apple ID so Apple knows exactly which Apple ID accessed which website at what time.
ReCaptcha requires neither of these privacy-invading or gatekeeping things.
If this becomes standard, this is the end of the open web as we know it, because you will only be able to access many websites if you are using an approved, locked-down browser in a locked-down computing environment, backed by a tech giant who can provide the attestation and ID service.
If you care at all about the open web, this must be resisted at all costs.