Hundreds of thousands of electric cars have been recalled due to risk of spontaneous battery fires with no damage, recalls initiated due to a dozen or two such spontaneous battery fires occurring in parked, unplugged vehicles. The batteries in almost all cases were manufactured by LG Chem, and the cause of the fires was several potential manufacturing defects, including torn anode tabs and folded separators, that could lead to a short circuit condition when the battery cell expanded and contracted, such as after charging the car. Recalls included the Chevy Bolt, Chevy Bolt EUV, Hyundai Kona EV, Smart ForTwo Electric, Chrysler Pacifica PHEV, and some VW ID.4s. LG Chem's stationary battery packs for home/solar use were also recalled for spontaneous fire risk.