Well, I've enjoyed these games as for fun, but they did provide an intellectual challenge:
TIS-100 https://store.steampowered.com/app/370360/TIS100/
SHENZEN I/O https://store.steampowered.com/app/504210/SHENZHEN_IO/
Hacknet https://store.steampowered.com/app/365450/Hacknet/
Uplink https://store.steampowered.com/app/1510/Uplink/
As for becoming a better programmer, it's all about practice. CodeWars might be what you're looking for: https://www.codewars.com/