1) I believe this is app-specific? I've definitely used many applications where the menu bar just goes over the full-screened window.
2) Yeah, this one could be better. Right/alt click and "Clean Up" might help you a bit.
3) You can also right/alt click the icon in the Dock to force quit [0], but agreed that a hanging application shouldn't cause OS components to hang.
4) I'll admit I wasn't even aware of the option-click ability, so fair enough. In my experience though, the options under Scaled have almost always been the most sensible options for the display.
5) As someone else mentioned, you can turn this off. I personally also hate that they made this the default. Spaces as a whole work really well though IMO.
6) IIUC it _can_, depending on the app. I wouldn't say Windows is any better, though... it's not like Windows deletes files when you uninstall something. Cleanup is purely up to the application's implementation. Also, there's the registry. Also, if you just "delete" an application (i.e. the executable) like you would any other file, you likely just broke the application, not uninstalled it. You might've even broken the uninstall functionality.
7) Yeah, Finder does make some strong assumptions about how you're expected to use it. It doesn't completely replace using text, but try the multi-pane view. It largely accomplishes a similar navigation style involving the up function (which you can also directly achieve with Cmd+Up).
8) The default terminal (Terminal.app) is actually quite good, if barebones. It has some of the lowest text-to-update latencies out there [1]. Though admittedly, I have no idea about terminal latencies on Windows.
And you touch on probably the single-biggest issue I have with Windows: backwards (in)compatibility to a fault. If they made a better terminal, why is that not just the terminal now? I know the answer is "because people are familiar with Command Prompt", but that's kinda my point. MS rarely replaces anything. They just keep adding more versions that are available. It's great that you get the choice, but it sucks that you have to make all these choices [2] for a useable system.
I have a similar issue with Control Panel vs Settings. Edge vs IE [3].
And I'm not saying I want them to replace all the applications every year or something like that. Too bad MS does that, too. Except you also have to use the old one.
9) Totally agreed on this one. It sounds trivial but is absolutely infuriating.
10) I'm... not sure what happened here. Confusing, but sounds like it's okay?
[0]: Although honestly, this might hang as well.
[1]: https://danluu.com/term-latency/
[2]: Assuming you're even aware of the choices.
[3]: To be fair, IE is EOL, but that process has taken a LONG time. Edge and IE have both been included in Windows systems for the better part of a decade at this point.