Sometimes. Many parts of math are very difficult to tell whether you're wrong or not, except by reading through the proof extremely carefully. For example, about a hundred years ago there was a proposed proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, but it had a very subtle flaw: it implicitly assumed that unique factorization held in a particular set of rings. This turned out to be wrong in some cases. This error was very common back then, and many people believe this was the proof Fermat had in mind.

So, you see, in mathematics your unconscious assumptions are sometimes wrong, and there's nothing that would tip this off to you, like a compiler. In fact, very few areas of mathematics are the sort where you can easily tell when you're wrong.

I suspect you think of your high school math classes when you think of mathematics. That's really a very poor representative. Mathematics is about proofs, not answers. To be fair, though, the original post makes a similar misconception. Computer programming : computer science :: high school math : mathematics.