If you're learning to find a job in the future, read adverts from the sort of companies you want to work for.
Future popularity (other people can easily contribute); Ruby and Elixir are weak here
Batteries included (no needing to make 10 different lib selections for DB, Admin, Auth, etc. where other stacks online will glue them together differently); NodeJS, Go, Flask, fail here
Interop with future data science / ML; no other competitors
Speed of development; Rust and Java weak here
A job? Then Node is sufficient. Go wouldn't be hard to pick up on top of it to make yourself more attractive. PHP is somehow still a stalwart in this realm, too, and there's lots of demand for C#.NET out there.
Do you have a project in mind? You'll want to consider the particularities of the idea and its requirements to decide if a specific language/runtime/framework could serve you significantly better than one you already kinda know.
Just to learn more? This is the hardest. Learning just to learn is very enervating. But if you've got the spirit, I would suggest trying something more exotic to what you've listed, like Haskell or Clojure, to explore different ways of approaching the problem at a high level, or rolling some socket code in C for a deep dive into the low-level specifics of web backends.
For Laravel I found this tutorial [1] extremely useful back in the day. The one I've linked to is for Laravel 8, and I believe all of the videos can be seen for free without signing up or anything.
Though Laravel is currently at version 9 (launched a couple of months ago), there isn't too much difference between 8 and 9, so the videos would definitely not be obsolete.
If you're on the fence about Laravel, just watch the first few videos and decide if you like it.
Ultimately, just pick one — Laravel, Django, Ruby/Rails, or anything else — and go. It doesn't really matter which one :)
Later: The other two.
1. It's important to start and keep at it. As many others say here, pick whichever and just learn. The longer you stick with it, the better you'll get. It naturally follows that the more you enjoy something, the longer you'll stick to it. Most of the knowledge you gain from one language can be transferred to another, except perhaps some syntax. Try to pick a language that doesn't feel too overwhelming if you don't have someone else to teach you and push you- Python is an excellent choice.
2. There are a few different programming "paradigms" out there, but the most popular (i.e. Job market) ones are Object Oriented Programming (OO/OOP/OOPS) and Functional Programming (FP). There are distinct advantages for both, so it's almost like an early choice you make in a game that affects the rest of your playthrough. To switch, you have to go back to the beginning and make the other choice, having to learn a lot of new things again. It can sometimes be tricky to wrap your head around one if you're used to the other. You can learn both in Python, but some languages force you to pick one or the other a bit more. Java, until version 8 was almost entirely Object Oriented. With Java 8+ you have a lot more functional programming (half) baked in. However most of the larger companies using Java are used to the OO way of things, even resisting changes that introduce FP into the mix for various reasons (tooling support, debuggability, etc.). Companies that want to do Functional Programming rarely pick Java, going for more traditional FP-first languages like Closure, Haskell, Scala, etc. There isn't a shortage of jobs in the market for either paradigms at the moment, however being focused on one may make it harder to be employed in the other because that's where your experience will lie. I once had offers to join a company that did Java (OO) vs a company that did Scala (FP). I picked the one that paid more, although a part of me terribly misses Scala now.
3. Learn the language that is current, has a large community and great IDE support. This can help you learn quickly. IDEA has IDEs for several languages- Java and all JVM languages (Scala, Closure, Kotlin, etc.), Javascript (and TypeScript), Python, C, etc. These languages are all great for all three major OSes- Windows, Mac and Linux. You could pick C# which has amazing IDE support (Visual Studio), but that's a bit Microsoft-heavy. Again, Python is a good choice and most OSes already have it pre-installed. If you do pick Python, pick version 3. A lot of documentation out there is for version 2 as well because somehow even decades later people refuse to move on. The most important thing to know is that if it's current, you will not run into use cases that are impossible to accomplish in the near future. If it has a large community, you can find an answer to your question on stack overflow because someone else already asked it. If it has great IDE support, it will guide you every step of the way - through syntax errors, compilation errors, stack traces, etc. Once you've learnt one language a fair amount, you can always pick another that isn't as forgiving to new comers. You'll see that a large amount of your knowledge can easily transfer.
4. Reduce your cognitive load. If you're 10 years old, you probably have more time on hand than if you're 35. Which means that you don't have the time to learn everything about something anymore. If you're learning programming while juggling a day job and kids, you don't want to spend a week learning what things like Pointers, ASTs, Pass-by-reference, case matching etc. are unless it's what you absolutely need and there isn't a library that will do it for you. How deep you go and in what language could determine where you will be hired and what kind of roles are right for you. Take a look at what companies you want to work at use. You can get a well paying backend job without knowing what pointers are, because let's face it- companies want to solve problems at the end of the day, not compete with each other on how much esoteric knowledge they possess in an elaborate trivia contest. However there's almost zero chance you will write any Linux kernel code without knowing what pointers are. If you already know something, use it. If you're a Javascript developer, maybe learn some TypeScript. It extends beautifully to both the front end and the back end and uses a lot of the same tool in both places, so you only have to learn once.
5. Build projects. Pick a problem that you want to solve, and try to solve it with the language of your choice. Pretty soon you'll see why that language is a good choice or not, and maybe learn how to overcome a problem with the language you've picked. Most problems can be solved by most languages, only how easy or painful the experience is changes. Once you solve your original problem somewhat, you can go back to the start and see if what you now know about the language, architecture, components etc. can help you solve the problem better. You'll also probably find that your problem is better defined now, and a lot of things you thought were important at the start don't matter anymore, or you changed your requirements because you found a better way as you worked through it the first time. Build a few of these solutions to problems and soon you'll be an expert at your language of choice and will have something to show for it as well. It's like chiseling rock to make a statue - your first one probably looks like a smaller, different looking rock, and your current one a more well defined thing of beauty. Your code will improve the same way, except it is a lot more forgiving. You can start over whatever small or large portion of the code, and make it better without losing anything except time, and learning all the time. (I am not a sculptor, I don't know enough about rocks either)
Sorry this went a bit off rails. I hope this was useful for a slightly wider audience.
The tl;dr version would be- Do you know where you want to work at? Learn the language they use. If you don't have a preference, pick TypeScript as it does a lot of things right and will extend to the frontend as well, or Python as it also does a lot of things right and will extend to machine learning and microcontrollers.