Results from first US trial of genetically modified mosquitoes
nature.com
nature.com
There are ~800 mosquito species. This is about removing 1 of them which can and do carry diseases that kill people.
If this is successful, the ecological niche left by Aedes aegypti will be filled by other mosquito species, and no ecological disaster will occur.
Isn't that what people always say before interfering with ecosystems?
I mean you might be right, but how can you possibly make such a huge claim like that?
We've got concrete examples of getting rid of some species with near-zero consequences, like the guinea worm.
As long as the macro-ecological systems we rely on continue to interface with us in mostly the same way we make the compromise that we are aware enough of the side effects. It's easier to take this perspective with disease carrying mosquitos because of the sheer quantity of human suffering and death they cause.
But this view does have pitfalls, like how we initially missed the collapse of pollinator species that we depend on, or the risks we take with genetically cloned fruit like Cavendish bananas which are a single pathogen away from being wiped out.
Actually, I've only ever heard it said about eliminating the single largest source of death in human history. Perhaps I dont get out much.
Is this true? I'm not sure if you're being hyperbolic here, but if that is a defensible claim I want to hear how you arrived at that conclusion.
https://www.nature.com/articles/news021001-6#:~:text=Malaria....
Take a look at the coastline of Long Island on satellite maps, and all the scars left by that time they tried to eliminate all of the salt marshes to get rid of mosquitoes near NYC.
Government?
Let's take a step back.
What makes you think human lives are worthier than mosquito lives?
It's actually "that's just, like, your opinion, man".
Wow. Just, wow. I hope you realize that that's a dangerous line of thinking.
But then again it's not very surprising. Historically humans don't have a good track record of preserving the lives of other humans (in other lands). Let alone other creatures.
Also your statement isn't even really true. The reason those mosquitoes are targeted is because nature inadvertently came up with diseases that eliminate humans.
Yet I'm not entirely sure that's a justification for eradicating a sub-species of mosquitoes.
Just something to think about.
In disaster movies, yes, they say that all the time. Maybe that's what you're thinking of?
Reality and methodical science are a bit more nuanced.
We (humans) are constantly interfering with ecosystems, including wiping out species. However for some reason every single time there is a post about getting rid of this mosquito species there are comments super worried about the ecological impact. I wager the deforestation taking place in Amazon will have a much larger impact than the absence of this species of mosquito
I love nature more than most I know, but if there is evil on this earth, it's the mosquito.
Here's one example. The woodpecker. Around here, its numbers swell when trees have pests under the bark.
But soon, after a few years, they eat most of the grubs, and must find other food. They do. By pecking in the dirt, for bettle grubs, and worms, and so on.
I'm sure their population will diminish, until more tree grubs appear. I'm OK with that.
And frankly, if we kill all mosquitoes and noseeums, some things will starve out, some will adapt.
But I hate mosquitoes so much, they kill so many, I am OK with some birds vanishing.
I literally, like some general sending men to die in a push, am OK with that
Die, mosquitoes. Die to extinction. Die regardless of the price, the cost.
Die, even if they cause lateral gene exchange, and their extinction means we wither, and die too.
Die mosquitoes.
Die.
Smite them, and my sword arm is yours to command.
It is mildly withered with age, but can still poke at many things.
When our AI overlord emerges, you will be known to it.
The problem is that you are grossly mistaken in which is worse. It's the latter. Whether you do it out of purpose, accident, negligence, or apathy, the consequences don't care about your intent.
[1] Which is something we are constantly doing, all around the world, not just in the Amazon.
That might be true but that's also not a reason to deliberately change ecosystems elsewhere.
The issue with mosquitos essentially comes down to risk management. The question is can we intentionally remove a mosquito species from the ecosystem while limiting adverse side affects. Deforestation of the amazon isn't relevant.
I wouldn't bet it has any bad effects though.
I hope you mean not relevant to the discussion or topic, because deforestation of the Amazon is very relevant to the planet.
People have studied this for a long time and reached the conclusion that no ecological disaster is likely to occur.
We can never be 100% sure of anything, of course. But we can make informed decisions.
The vast majority of mosquito species don't bite humans, so there's zero reason to do so.
Why would you state that? That is explicitly not the goal of this effort and there is no justification for taking that approach. It sounds like fear mongering.
Eliminating a species of mostuito is expensive and additional effort breeding and releasing mosquito's for each species you want to eliminate will always require additional work and effort. Why would we expend that effort to eliminate a species that doesn't bite us?
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=mosquito+genetic+engine...
That would be a huge, irreversible, and catastrophic mistake.
In the top list of most stupid things done by humans just to piss on the environmental sciences.
If it were, my community would prefer no synthetic chemicals come into contact with my local environment (plastics, textiles fabrics, herbicides, etc.)
The problem with mosquito-borne diseases is that they're non-consensual. People have a right to live without mosquito-borne disease.
Why do you care? Nature is 'genetically modifying' stuff all the time. That's how you exist.
They won't have superpowers or grow to Godzilla proportions. They are just different. Think of them as a different mosquito species.
I can't recall signing a form allowing nature to fly mosquitos past me.
Because fixing it later is really expensive. Ask the cane toad fans
I, too, think it's likely no ecological disaster will occur, but at the same time it's still possible. Nevertheless, from a cost-benefit perspective, for me it's a risk worth taking.
That's also humans, though.
I can’t ever take those people seriously, vs people who see it as humanity’s role to be good stewards of the earth and operate in balance with it.
People just like being edgy, best to give them no mind.
Killing an entire species to save a few humans. Being concerned about the ecological disaster when we are the worst ecological disaster. Those are pretty hypocritical viewpoints although common and completely normal with the constraints of normal human behavior.
The only reason you are so callous is because you imagine those dying as others, not you, your neighbors or loved ones.
Not going to keep replying, because I know you don't really believe these things when push comes to shove.
Also It’s not as black and white as you’re painting it. I happen to see it both ways and side humans too because, why not? I am not team mosquito. (I think you’re mistaking me for someone debating with you, I just jumped in the thread to say I see there point, doesn’t mean I agree with it and it doesn’t mean they lack empathy. There is this thing called dark humor and it’s possible to hold that alternate view as a point of humor.) Also not returning to comment.
This cannot be claimed with any degree of certainty.
Further reading: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign
It can absolutely be claimed with an increasing degree of certainty, as it's being actively studied (e.g. this study).
Note the wording ”being”. We can actually conclude results in 10 years when we might generally agree some information. It takes time.
It's analogous. Mao decided to eliminate a problematic species. So he started eliminating it. Nationwide. Turned out, there were consequences to eliminating that species. Consequences that would have been obvious had he consulted with scientists. Or done a limited roll-out first. Things we're doing when weighing zapping these mosquitoes.
I do. I think the comment is a generic "but unforeseen consequences" response. The target mosquito could have some unique ecological role the other 799 can't fill that only becomes apparent ex post facto.
That's why we're conducting limited tests. To look for those. Something Mao didn't do.
Even if you're convinced by arguments of naturalness (which I'm not), in this case it makes no sense, because you're not messing with nature, you're trying to return nature to a previous state before humans interfered.
I mean, this isn't news to those of us that write code.
Not that I would worry in this case.
It "proves too much" in argument jargon.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species#Favorable_e...
It appears that a "gene drive" was introduced into the Florida Keys in this case, and that is much more targeted and specific to a species that it is intended to destroy.
Ever read on the idea that most megafauna was hunted down by men?
Yeah... that seems pretty erhm, "unnatural", therefore the entire rest of the world is "unnatural"
Supposedly the tsetse fly was local to a very small area of Africa, yet during the 1700 and 1800 during colonialism it spread onto the rest of the continent, before that the continent was quite settled with larger farm fields in respective areas, but the tzetze fly disrupted all that
Anyhow just wanted to say that "nature" and "natural" once one starts digging more are not really "useful" descriptions, because the world is complex and not an idealized scenario
"Those of you who volunteered to be injected with praying mantis DNA, I've got some good news and some bad news. Bad news is we're postponing those tests indefinitely. Good news is we've got a much better test for you: fighting an army of mantis men. Pick up a rifle and follow the yellow line. You'll know when the test starts."
Besides I guess being food for other critters…
This concerns an invasive mosquito (Aedes aegypti) that carries dengue/yellow fever/zika and more. Males were raised with a mutation that, passed on to offspring, kills females before reach adulthood (and have grandchildren).
They released this on 1 hectacre of land, the genes functioned as expected, and the genes didn't travel more than 400m (affected mosquitoes have a sort of fluorescence under the right light). Probably also as expected, the genes disappeared after a year (a few generations). My guess is that mostly happened from neighboring unmodified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes genes coming over to replace the modified ones.
AFAIK it'd take a monumental effort to wipe out a species this way, but suppressing or near-eliminating a population in a place you can isolate from non-modified aegypti sounds possible, particularly if you do other suppressive efforts.
Sounds like a great business to be in, GMO mosquitoes will need to be constantly reintroduced to keep down the reproduction quotient.
Which is why I suspect this is an early-stage experiment, with the far goal being a gene drive that can locally wipe out a species more efficiently.
Partially relevant xkcd https://xkcd.com/1494/
I think the most reasonable objection is that nobody can seriously claim to know the sum of repercussions of such an experiment. Otherwise this study wouldn't be needed anyway.
Personally I am fine to choose mosquitoes as a target if we really need to use techniques like this. Experiments that used natural predators to control a population also have mixed results. I assume that would be frogs or birds in case of mosquitoes.
We could call it the condom's machine episode.
It seems like they basically stopped surveillance and left up a snapshot ( https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-travel-information ).
As far as I can tell, the current travel recommendation is that if you visit the Caribbean you should avoid conceiving a child for 2-3 mo (the guidance would also apply to Puerto Rico except I don't think that counts as "abroad"). But surely no one is actually doing that...?
And there now is evidence for widespread teratogenic effects ( https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2101195 ) and we just... Gave up?
Kind of wild.
Zika was largely a press inspired mass panic.
As a counter argument, it would be easy to claim that the pharmaceutical companies are too tightly coupled to politicians. Perhaps this still results in greater efficiency, for now?
1. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/we-cant-allow-the...
2. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/us/politics/cdc-trump.htm...
The experiment has been underway since April 2021 in the Florida Keys ... over the course of seven months, and has now almost completed monitoring the release sites.
An obvious question would be "What are you monitoring?" and to explain why 7 months is sufficient to detect any ecological changes.
Not for or against the research, and I understand it's a magazine article not a newspaper story, but this seems like more of a PR piece than real reporting.
The risk that something else and worse starts moving into the ecological niche left empty by nonviable mosquitoes would be reduced.
The targeted species of mosquito is not native to the USA. It was introduced by Europeans inadvertently.
Hopefully there is a future state where pesticides can ultimately be reduced because of this tech. Obviously engineering pests of agriculture/horticulture crops would be a high-value target, so curious if this research helps jumpstart those ideas and startups.
Also we did something similar with an invasive fruit fly in the 80's I believe and it was a success.
So, were the mosquitoes guilty or not guilty?
A bit tongue in cheek, but there are ethical issues raised by wiping out species. Next mice, then wild hogs, then on to other “pests”.
A bit tongue in cheek, but there are ethical issues raised by eating living beings. Next fish, then chicken, then on to other “food”.
Why isn't the analysis delegated to an impartial 3rd party?
Surely you're aware "freak mutations" occur in nature already? The world isn't a comic book.
Freak mutations also occur in nature. It does not happen as fast as how human technology modifies.
How long until it is used on humans?
I’m saddened that a jurrasic park comparison shuts down all debate without considering the merits or risks.
Humans seem highly vulnerable, especially when in groups, to thought-terminating cliches like this.
I wonder how you fight against it?
They didn't say science should progress regardless of consequences, they didn't imply it, and the way you ask it sounds like you want to start an argument. Instead, what they said was that likely some legitimate scientific endeavours were discouraged by people quoting the movie when their concern wasn't warranted.
I say this as somebody who spend 30 years learning how to permanently modify human genomes only to conclude we're not even remotely ready to have the ethics conversations those things would lead to.
Everyone in this thread is talking about different quotes [1].
[1] https://www.fandom.com/articles/jeff-goldblums-greatest-jura...
I am still amazed that this one little piece of artistic puffery managed to singlehandedly meme "GMO bad" into prominence.
When your facilities crew is in the single digits there are going to be problems!
I think that Hammond didn't really know what he was doing.
Like with the book of bobba fett where there's a crime lord (bobba) whose "coffers are full" and just needs to hire some help and he hires nobody! His "army" was a business partner (fennac), a friend (wookie), another friend (dan), a pet, existing employees (mods), and unpaid citizens (freetown).
> "And the secret to making money in a park," Hammond said, "is to limit your Personnel costs. The food handlers, ticket takers, cleanup crews, repair teams. To make a park that runs with minimal staff. That was why we invested in all the computer technology-we automated wherever we could."
Virtually all of the problems with the park were caused by Hammond's profit-motivated corner cutting. The movie barely has a trace of these themes, but the book is really about the synthesis of unregulated startup capitalism with scientific research (biotech specifically.) The introduction lays it all out explicitly in the first few pages.
It is Russian roulette with mosquitos.
Edit: because muation is more or less random and is expressed with new generations. So if they die and there is less the chance of mutation or am i wrong??
Thank you for bringing my attention to this matter. I will stop brushing immediately and let my breath stink and teeth rot forevermore.
Good diet (no sugars) and avoidance of broad-spectrum bactericides will allow good bacteria to thrive, pushing out the bad smelly ones.
People have noticed similar beneficial responses, ie lack of disgusting body odor, when quitting hot soapy showers or the use of antiperspirants.
Just gotta make sure diet goes with it. Along with general common sense cleanliness.
I’ve seen evidence for this in the gut, WRT digestion and such.
What possible basis could exist for there being “good” bacteria in your mouth? It’s still going to do damage even if it doesn’t offgas sulfur.
Long term I imagine we’ll genetically engineer our offspring to produce all the required enzymes for healthy digestion without reliance on 3rd party organisms.
I’ll update later with a source reference or two. But I’m willing to bet that Wikipedia‘s “skin flora” page has good info. Im not sure of the term for the mouth’s flora though…but I have zero doubt that it exists, simply because bacteria is everywhere. And gut bacteria get there via the mouth.
Long story short, there’s no such thing as a pure human. We exist only because we are colonized by bacteria. We’re kind of like the earth in that regard. We house living organisms and they make us what we are, without them homeostasis crumbles and so do we. So, with that in mind, we should be selectively helping the good ones and killing the bad, instead of wiping them all out.
Regarding replacing the gut bacteria with suitable enzymes for digestion, that would probably be misguided. The bacteria do more than just help digestion… they also keep bad bacteria out. And furthermore, they actually affect our mental health, keeping depression at bay for instance. Whether that’s indirectly via suppressing inflammation or some more direct means, I don’t recall.
Edit: Looks like it’s a much more direct means of influence: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=31100533 (There doesn’t seem to be much about this here on HN already, so I’m providing a source via HN submission in hopes of generating some discussion…)
The enamel is able to resist (and reform) but it needs help if you have any hope of maintaining all your teeth past your prime reproductive age.
We’re still so far from a complete understanding, but I suspect one day we’ll be able to “clean up” a lot of evolution’s mess. For example, imagine introducing entirely new systems of cells that attack and break down excess arterial plaques?
Good luck with that! What are you going to eat? Can't have fruits, most modern fruits are very high in fructose. Definitely nothing containing starch, which will immediately break down in your mouth. Meat? It has some sugar too (largely responsible for the barbecue taste).
Its not wise to assume that mechanical (and perhaps even chemical) teeth cleaning wasn't practiced by our ancestors every since they evolved hands.
Sure, reducing sugars goes a long way in keeping your mouth healthy. But we can't rely solely on that.
Bacteria (even good ones) will ultimately form biofilms that need to be disrupted, otherwise they calcify and become tartar, then start accumulating down the gums, until they are mostly shielded from the air and the 'bad' anaerobic bacteria proliferate. You then get periodontitis and eventually start losing bone and then teeth (something accepted by society as a consequence of growing old, when it's in fact a disease).
Never said there was no mechanical cleaning. But they certainly didn’t have our “advanced” toothbrushes, toothpastes and mouthwashes. In fact, I’d say “mechanical washing” was an unavoidable aspect of eating harder foods rather than the soft, sticky processed items we tend towards today. And furthermore, with less stickiness (gluten and sugars) they would have needed less mechanical washing.
Anyways, lifestyle changes don’t need to be all or nothing to have a measurable effect
And yes even good bacteria can/will be bad at some point. Nonetheless they are still better than most others and will help maintain homeostasis for as long as time allows. We haven’t yet found a cure for time-related degeneration/accumulation, have we? But again, maybe I should have said “better bacteria” rather than “good”
DONT DO THAT. If you do decide to follow this crazy advice, please keep flossing. And keep going to the dentist every 6 months. I wouldn't want to get a freaking root canal (or lose teeth) from a misguided experiment like this.
Fluoride is just to help strengthen the enamel. You can brush your teeth without it. In fact, there were some amazon tribes that used a kind of tree bark. Works fine, I tried it.
Plus, we can look into the fossil record and see species die out from causes sort of like this. Many species have evolved pure asexual reproduction. This provides a fitness boost to the individuals who no longer have to spend energy on mating, but the lack of genetic recombination inevitably causes extinction in a million years or so. Not exactly the same as what we're trying to do here but it's still the closest analogy available.
I’m not worried about the loss of a mosquito species, I’m just saying it is a waste of time and the wrong approach.
I am not a real scientist to have something to say about it, but from history no experiment like that has a successful result.
edit I understood it is an invasible specie exactly as Australian cats and frogs.
Also, the species they're doing this with is an invasive species. Assuming that they haven't completely supplanted the natives ones (and I think this holds true), there shouldn't be any impact on the ecosystem.
How can you say that? Did you simulate the effect of this mosquito species being wiped out? Did the people running the study?
We never learn
1. I agree that we never learn, and that every time we've tried to do this sort of thing there has been unintended consequences.
2. You likely live in an area without mosquitoes. They are one of the largest vectors for disease on the planet, and I wouldn't feel bad if they ceased to exist.
Evasive, I understand the meaning, but I fail to understand the implication. Why wouldn't this duck have the right to live, and this other duck does?
It's impossible to contain everything on their continent. Ecological balance is already long gone. Evasive is just an excuse.
I know we're not perfect at planning and analyzing these sorts of things, but I do like to think we've advanced a little past Maoist China's knowledge of science and ecology.
If we're going to use technology to eliminate infectious disease (and to increase food production) then an absolute necessity will be for humans to control their population growth by other means, perhaps legal (as with the China one-child policy, etc.).
Yes, that's all very controversial, but it should really be discussed.
This is a solved problem already.
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-53409521
> Falling fertility rates mean nearly every country could have shrinking populations by the end of the century. And 23 nations - including Spain and Japan - are expected to see their populations halve by 2100.
> It has nothing to do with sperm counts or the usual things that come to mind when discussing fertility. Instead it is being driven by more women in education and work, as well as greater access to contraception, leading to women choosing to have fewer children.
Kids birthed / Couple / Last Year
69 / Valentina and Feodor Vassilyev[1] / 1765
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_most_c...
Kids Birthed / Father / Last Year
1,000–2,000+ / Genghis Khan / 1227
Whilst extreme, having large families was a way of life in order to survive because the rate of attrition was high until hygiene & sanitation became more common place, its not just access to contraception or women in education because OnlyFans negates the latter point succinctly!