It really infuriated me, especially the usage of the word "need" and the fact that the dialog doesn't offer an option like "no, and don't bug me with this ever again". Fortunately, after hitting the "remind me in 3 days" button, I looked a bit and found an option that does make it go away forever.
My Windows is in Spanish, so I don't know the exact name of the configuration settings in English, but you can find it in the Win+I configuration dialog. Look for "notifications and actions" (or something very similar), and there, look for a checkbox whose text reads something like "suggest ways to finish device configuration to get the most out of Windows". In fact there are six checkboxes in that screen and every single one looks like an annoyance, so I disabled them all.
It does this every 6 months or so. Windows is malware
If windows does wipe out other bootloaders, then it's something serious to be discussed. Are you sure that's what happened?
MS ignores the problem too despite numerous complaints spanning years, when dozens of people are saying it's due to a Windows update and they insist it's something else it's probably fair to say this is Won't Fix for them.
If it's possible for you to just install Linux only (no Windows/Micros**t at all), please do that.
Or, get a Mac if Linux-exclusive doesn't work for you.
(I love both Mac and Linux).
Life it too short to deal with malicious vendors.
Dollars to doughnuts, parent was fiddling around and broke it.
Another option, is to run windows or linux as a guest VM. You can setup a near native quest VM with device passthrough, such that you only ever have to boot your host OS but can drop down into a fully fledged guest when needed.
I'm doing both as methods as a way to slowly offload from windows to linux
I've noticed the same thing on an Android tablet recently, just with Google Play in place of Edge (and F-Droid in place of Firefox). That's unpleasant, but unfortunately not that surprising: dark patterns and other annoyances are quite common, particularly with commercial products.
I think this stops a lot of Google's skullduggery. Of course a google-free ROM is even better for privacy but I think this is a nice middle ground.
The good thing is that this way firebase notifications still work, but are not linked to my account (similar to using MicroG).
But it hasn't complained about F-Droid, not asked me to 'continue setting up' or anything. I do this on a OnePlus and a Samsung. YMMV of course.
How should I tell my employer that I am no longer able to use Windows and that I will be unproductive if I am forced to do so?
If they do offer Macs though then I'd say just ask them for one and say you'll be more productive. It shouldn't be a big deal for any reasonable employer, I'm sure they could find a new home for your current device as well.