With unlimited budget there will be underground missiles, underground snipers, underground planes and helicopters ;)
They are extremely expensive, but large networks seem nearly impossible to destroy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Great_Wall_of_Chin...
For example, F-35 have needed capabilities. Other notable examples - Harrier and its relatives.
Basically, all modern fighter jets are capable to start from catapult, some need additional gunpowder accelerators (also possible to use as brake).
Landing is harder, for it need big enough runway, or some sort of aircraft carrier flight deck, or plane capable of vertical landing (some F-35 modifications are capable).
Yes and no.
1. Diameter of silo is much larger than diameter of ICBM, if used start from silo, because part of diameter used for exhaust. Only first ICBMs, use lift, so rocket lifted to surface, and practically started from platform on surface, not from silo.
2. Plane could also use lift. And many planes used on carriers, have folding wings, and they usually moving from storage to flight deck with folded wings, and unfold wings just before acceleration. Also plane does not need to move via vertical tube horizontally, it could been tied to some platform and turn to have smallest possible cross section. - Civil planes may be not strong enough for such maneuvers, but all navy fighters all perfectly fitted for this.
I know that planes have folding wings. The issue is the length, not the wingspan. That's why I quoted the length of the plane. None of those planes have folding nosecones.
I am considering vertical takeoff. The maneuver you are suggesting would not work, because the airplane would stall unless you accelerated it to over 300km/h. To do this in an aircraft carrier, without having to worry about gravity, is already hard enough that you either need massive steam boilers or an extremely expensive EMALS system.
These catapults cost around 800 million dollars, by the way. Accelerating a 30 ton object to hundreds of kilometers an hour in slightly more than a second is extremely expensive.
If you were to do it any slower, you'd need your silo to be over a hundred meters deep.
Then you have the issue of trying to prevent the airplane from crashing as its wings are unfolding. Without thrust vectoring, vertically, almost at stall speeds, there is little chance the tail will be able to handle the task.
They planned to make constantly working build system, so would be tens more silo's than real ICBMs, and they planned to constantly move ICBMs, so nobody will know, in which silo now exists ICBM, and which is empty, and they planned to build silo's from underground, so they will open just before ICBM launch.
https://travelblogeurope.com/deep-inside-cold-war-aircraft-h...
Even considering, it is possible to destroy Carrier, it is constantly moving, so exact place unknown and it is extremely hard to destroy it.
But to be more strict, Carriers are not travel alone, they all time accompanied by few tens other ships.
We in Ukraine constantly invite Carriers to Lviv sea port.
Sure, for our case, should talk about underground Carrier.