How is it negative sum, and not just zero sum?
For now, the $100 miners siphon off per transaction are predominantly from 1), so those costs are not very visible.
And then of course the exchanges charging 20 to 120 bp (or more) for a roundtrip against money you can actually use. Coinbase (the exchange) alone takes around 0.4% of the entire crypto market cap per annum into its pockets.
1. Stripe has revenue of $bn 8, Visa $bn 25, and Coinbase $bn 8. Are you suggesting that Coinbase provides as much utility as Stripe?
2. The equity market cap is about $tr 100, so Stripe and Visa together take about 0.03% of that per annum.
Mind you: That is way too much. Credit cards are an inefficient oligopoly, and they've been fined by regulators for their extravagant fees. That's a whole topic in itself. But: Crypto is 10x worse.
Under these conditions, the utility company has to pay for say $100 in electricity to make $80 of cryptocoin. But since the miner has "free electricity" and doesn't see these costs, they only see the $80 of cryptocoin that they sold off.