Phone cameras absolutely unequivocally cannot beat the clarity, sharpness, detail, natural bokeh, shutter speed, and overall quality of even an affordable dedicated camera in the $1K range. The only time a phone camera can somewhat keep up is when you're looking at the photos on your tiny 4" phone screen and throwing some heavy duty filters on it to the point where anything will look "good". Throw that photo up on a computer monitor, or TV screen, or get it printed and you can immediately see the difference just in sharpness and detail alone.
Yes, phone cameras are far more convenient, and they have more filter options, and so on. But there's no comparison whatsoever. It's just that most people don't care enough when they're putting it up as a tiny little square on Instagram or sending it as a Snap that someone will look at for 5 seconds and never see again.