Changing the Zoom in the browser doesn't actually zoom in (as in, the entire page is still in the viewport). Instead it increases the font size, which will have a knock-on effect on everything that is based on font size (like em, rem, or ch units in CSS).

Many images are responsive and will take up whatever (typically horizontal) space is available. So by making the text larger, there's less space left for the images and they become smaller.

I don't think that makes it an anti-pattern. It's more of a quirk of how zooming is implemented in browsers.(or perhaps the feature's name is misleading).