It's just Monte Carlo simulation using the observed distribution as the population distribution.
2) The fact that “substitute the data for the population distribution” both works and is sometimes provably better than other more sensible approaches is a little mind blowing.
Most things called the bootstrap feel like cheating, ie “this part seems hard, let’s do the easiest thing possible instead and hope it works.”
I agree "bootstrap" has expanded a bit in meaning but I think it's basically the same idea.
I used to think it was cheating but have realized there is a cost to it, which is replication. For many things it's just impractical in terms of computation time. So although it's great, it requires a lot.