You run apt-get. Kernel gets updated. The ZFS module doesn't compile under the new kernel.
I'm not aware of any distros except NixOS which will then proceed to roll back the entire transaction.
Fedora CoreOS can rollback the operating system to a previous state on errors. This could be done as soon as you can‘t mount the kernel module anymore after an update.
Don't boot the new kernel?
On arch I just run the LTS kernel. I've _never_ had zfs module not build.