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Several newer blockchains have made significant progress on transaction speed and throughput. Solana probably is the most notable example, but there are others. https://medium.com/solana-labs/how-solanas-proof-of-history-....

> the fundamental problem of slow worldwide, globalized, decentralized consensus?

That's not necessarily a problem. Slow is ok if it's highly secure, reliable, and inexpensive relative to the amounts being moved or compared to other alternatives.

> Have I missed some Turing Award discoveries while I was away?

Yes. ZK Rollups - https://polynya.medium.com/conjecture-how-far-can-rollups-da...

If you don't understand this post he has many more explaining the technologies behind it.