High carbohydrate intake, not fat, was associated with higher risk of mortality (2017)
thelancet.com
thelancet.com
/r/ketoscience has plenty interesting studies about high fat low carb if you're interested in doing your own research. And I'm a big fan of the "Low Carb Down Under" Youtube Channel for latest research talks.
Here's an article that says higher intake of dairy fat is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease. https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(...
And here's one that says the exact opposite of that. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/jo...
Most nutritional science is a whole load of crap. Which is why I invite anyone to learn and experiment with their body. The stakes are low, the benefits potentially great and it's easy to tell what feels good and what doesn't. It's not science, but again, most of nutrition isn't either.
The battle cry of the scientific illiterate.
I don't know what to say.
In practice, "doing your own research" is never that, at least from what I have seen. This pandamic had a special effect on my opinion I should add...
"Trust the Authority" is not science at all.
Bad science >> no science.
Won't happen. Fat is (relatively) expensive and causes satiety fast.
Carbs are very cheap and very addictive and cause compulsive overeating.
Unless there's strong legislation or very severe social stigma (like for smoking), food will always trend towards low-fat high-sugar.
Fat is the most calorie dense nutrient. The human race has spent a majority of its time just trying to stay alive. Up until very recently, this meant eating substantial quantities of fat, and specifically animal fat.
Harvard Medical is part of the problem. People stop getting published if you’re contra-establishment, which means you stop getting juicy grants and donations.
Fructose must be metabolized by the liver, whereas glucose can be metabolized directly in skeletal muscles as glycogen.
Processed food using high fructose corn syrup, is not going to be digested in the same way as an apple.
I would love to engage, but I have nothing to engage with. Yes, fiber impacts digestion, which has nothing to do with metabolic pathways. But even such, high sugar fruits have similar GIs to HFCS...the digestive impact of fiber is relatively small (compared to fats and amino acids, especially non glucogenic).
The report concludes that a high-intake of fructose syrup causes a reduction of beneficial butyrate producing bacteria and a gut microbiota profile that may affect unfavourably host lipid metabolism, whereas high consumption of fructose from fruit seems to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in a beneficial way supporting digestive health and counteracting harmful effects of excessive fructose.
Besides a high fructose content, the authors note that the high fruit diet was characterised by a relatively high content of fiber. They therefore point out that observed alterations in gut microbiota may at least partially reflect changes driven by a higher intake of fiber rather than changes in response to the high-fructose consumption.
Fibre is an important component of the human diet and has known health benefits including lowering cholesterol and improving blood glucose responses. Dietary fibre as a prebiotic has specific effects on the microbial populations and its function as individual taxa have been shown to selectively metabolise discrete fibre structures.
To me, although I don't really know a lot, it seems quite logical that fruit is generally good for you and quite hard to overeat. We've been consuming fruits for thousands of years and although agriculture may have increased availability and nutritional value, comparing 10g of fructose found in an apple to 10g of fructose found in candy is nonsensical.
Most fruits* and whole grains have higher fiber content, higher nutrient density, and lower glycemic indexes than sodas and junk foods that are high in added sugar. There is strong evidence that high added sugar (including added fructose) consumption contributes to health issues like obesity and type 2 diabetes, but no evidence that fruits and whole grains in general are unhealthy for most people.
* Excluding fruit juices
https://peterattiamd.com/rickjohnson/
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-mutation-...
If you consume an excess of calories no matter what the food you'll gain weight, so that seems like pointless pedantry.
(Processed fruit like raisins and fruit juices are another story.)
True
> higher nutrient density
False (this is the problem with processed foods - they are dense and people eat too much)
> and lower glycemic indexes
True, but ignores a whole host of other considerations such as metabolic pathways.
> There is strong evidence that high added sugar (including added fructose) consumption contributes to health issues like obesity and type 2 diabetes, but no evidence that fruits and whole grains in general are unhealthy for most people.
False. There is evidence that people eat far too much, full stop. And much of that excess comes from cheap refined carbs. This is a socioeconomic observation and not a metabolic one. You are confusing correlation and causation. It’s comments like these that are the reason we have such horrible nutritional advice.
My comment was about how sources of carbohydrates (and all food for that matter) are more similar than dissimilar: drinking a soda and taking a multivitamin is metabolically not much different from eating fruit. That doesn’t mean people should drink soda instead of fruit, but it does mean people should consume less of both. You are better off having some vegetables, nuts or animal fats/proteins. Fruit isn’t healthy just because it’s natural.
> The nutrient density standard, as defined by the FDA, is the ratio of the amount of beneficial nutrients relative to the food’s energy content per reference amount customarily consumed. The more nutrient-dense foods are those that contribute more beneficial nutrients than calories to the overall diet.
Fruits and vegetables generally have higher nutrient density than most other food categories:[2]
> As expected, we found that fruits and vegetables were nutrient-dense in relation to their energy content.
> However, the data unambiguously showed that fruits and vegetables were nutrient-rich in relation to the little energy that they provide. Although fruits and vegetables suffer when assessed on the calories/price ratio, they represent extremely good value when assessed using the nutrient density score and the nutrient to price ratio.
Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), the most common source of added sugars, contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D):[3]
> Consumption of SSBs has increased markedly across the globe in recent decades, tracking closely with the growing burdens of obesity. These beverages are currently the largest source of added sugar intake and the top source of daily energy in the US diet. The cumulative evidence from observational studies and experimental trials is sufficient to conclude that regular consumption of SSBs causes excess weight gain and these beverages are unique dietary contributors to obesity and T2D. Compelling evidence indicates that reducing SSBs will have significant impact on the prevalence of obesity and its related diseases, especially T2D.
Consuming at least 2 servings of fruit and 3 servings of vegetables per day (excepting fruit juices, starchy vegetables, and potatoes) is associated with lower mortality:[4]
> In the 2 prospective cohorts with many repeated measurements of diet and up to 30 years of follow-up, we observed that a higher intake of fruit and vegetables was associated with a lower risk of total mortality and cause-specific mortality in a nonlinear manner. Our analysis in the NHS and the HPFS and in a meta-analysis of 26 prospective cohort studies documented that intake of ≈5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily was associated with the lowest mortality, and higher intake was not associated with additional risk reductions in mortality. The thresholds of risk reduction in mortality were 2 servings daily for fruit intake and 3 servings daily for vegetable intake. Higher intakes of most subgroups of fruit and vegetables were inversely associated with mortality, whereas intakes of starchy vegetables, fruit juices, and potatoes were not associated with mortality.
And again, there is no evidence that fruits and whole grains in general are unhealthy in a balanced diet for most people.
Eating fruits is not equivalent to combining sodas with multivitamins. Fruits have fiber, antioxidants,[5] and other compounds that are absent from multivitamins.
[1] https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/82/4/721/4607427
[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7446672_A_Nutrient_...
[3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325726/
[4] https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.0...
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antioxidants_in_food
Honestly, these kinds of views are why the American diet is so poor. You so desperately want to prove a narrative, irrespective of what the science actually says. You're focused on nutrient density, as opposed to the real issue: calorie density. We don't need to run around inventing new standards for "nutrient density"...we need to get people to eat less. And most people are over eating due to chronically elevated insulin levels and reduced insulin sensitivity on the back of carbohydrate based diets. People aren't dying prematurely from specific vitamin, mineral, or EFA/EAA deficiency. They are dying because they are obese. Even a horrible diet is going to provide most nutrients in sufficient quantities. Outside of a select few nutrients, the human body can synthesize and up/down regulate processes to accommodate varying levels of "nutrients"...this is not what people in the developed world grapple with. But sure, let's all eat wheat cereal with oat milk and fruit and honey for every meal. So healthy.
You're accusing me of all kinds of things without providing a single piece of evidence to back up your claims. You're also putting words in my mouth that I never said, and claiming I take positions that I don't support. For example, I never recommended oat milk (which is not a whole grain product), honey (which is classified by the FDA as added sugar when not sold as a single ingredient), or breakfast cereals (which are often sold sweetened with added sugar and usually not whole grain). That is a straw man.
I agree that people who are consuming too many calories in their diet should reduce the amount of calories that they consume. However, that has nothing to do with the fact that fruits can be part of a healthy diet, which is backed by evidence from a wide body of research and not contradicted by any evidence that fruits are unhealthy for most people. If fruits are unhealthy for most people as you claim, you should have no problem finding peer-reviewed research of similar or higher quality that backs up your assertion.
Here's yet another review that confirms that fruit consumption has stronger anti-obesity than pro-obesity effects in most cases, which also explains why supplements and soda are not equivalent to fruits:
> Previous studies of the effects of fruit on obesity have shown that their anti-obesity effects are greater than their pro-obesity effects in most cases, as demonstrated in this review. Moreover, the final outcomes of these anti-obesity studies support the inclusion of higher amounts of fruit in our daily food intake to reduce weight, as well as promote a healthy life style by increasing physical activity and reducing the intake of sugar and fat. However, most types of fruit contain large amounts of simple sugars, which are well-known contributory factors to obesity and obesity-related diseases. Therefore, the high level intake of particular forms of fruit such as fruit juice is not advisable in certain age groups, especially children. In addition, it has been suggested that plant fiber and phytochemicals may be responsible for the anti-obesity effects of fruit, but cereals are also rich in phytochemicals and fiber yet they have no remarkable anti-obesity effects. Therefore, more human trials are required to address these two mechanisms. In addition to the possible anti-obesity mechanisms discussed above, we consider that various other important unknown components present in fruit may be responsible for preventing obesity. Furthermore, the anti-obesity properties of known fruit components need to be verified. Thus, future research should be focusing on identifying anti-obesity components in fruit as an urgent and important task in order to understand the scientific mechanism of obesity but also to develop a method for controlling obesity by increasing fruit consumption.
Non-paywalled link (PDF): http://mdrf-eprints.in/1071/1/Associations_of_fats_and_carbo...
I think you mean magnesium, whose deficiency is widespread and it is though to be caused by depletion of it in the soil due to intensive agricultural practices.
Potassium-deficient diets are not rare. Using the U.S. as an example, only 3% of people in the U.S. consume adequate levels of potassium in their diet according to the most recent NHANES survey.[1] The U.S. Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee has identified potassium as 1 of 4 "shortfall nutrients" (nutrients that are underconsumed by the U.S. population at large) that are of public health concern in 2015.[2] That is why the FDA has required food manufacturers to include potassium amounts in the "Nutrition Facts" label since 2016.[3]
[1] https://academic.oup.com/advances/article/4/3/368S/4591617
[2] https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937...
[3] https://www.ift.org/news-and-publications/food-technology-ma...
https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2005/9/americans-magn...
* https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfession...
If a person is consuming the RDA and having arrhythmia I would suggest they see a doctor and require extended lab work and multiple EKG's done to find out what is going on. There could be a more serious issue that needs to be addressed sooner than later. One could even get their own consumer grade 6-lead EKG to get prolonged measurements that the doctors office will not have time for.
You can have vegetables containing potassium, sure, but it's a bit of a stretch to say that potassium deficiency is widespread, in general and supplementation of it is discouraged.
My comment said that "only 3% of people in the U.S. consume adequate levels of potassium in their diet according to the most recent NHANES survey", which means that 97% of U.S. people (100% - 3%) have diets that are deficient in potassium (K).
> And considering how many are hypertensive
Excess sodium and insufficient potassium in the diet contribute to hypertension, not the other way around.[1][2] In contrast to potassium, 89% of U.S. adults and 90% of U.S. children exceeded maximum recommended sodium intake levels in the 2009–2012 NHANES survey.[3] With almost everyone in the U.S. consuming too much sodium and too little potassium, the high prevalence of hypertension (29% of U.S. adults as of 2011–2012) is not surprising![3]
[1] http://cardiacos.net/wp-content/uploads/ArticulosMedicos/200... (PDF)
It's hard to eat 2000 calories of steak in a sitting. It's almost impossible to eat 2000 calories of lettuce, broccoli, cabbage, etc. in a sitting.
It's really easy to consume 2000 calories of potatoes, wheat, or rice in a sitting.
The other easy way to consume way too many calories is to slather your food with butter or oil. A tablespoon of oil or butter isn't terrible and may even be healthy for you--a quarter cup, however, is approaching 1000 calories. That's not so good. And people tend to use whole sticks of butter in cooking (1 stick is 1/4 cup) per dish or easily put a quarter cup of salad dressing (mostly oil) on their vegetables.
You would have to eat 1.5kg of cooked rice to eat 2000 kCal of rice. You would have to eat 1.9kg of potatoes. I don't know what you call "really easy" but about 180g of rice is a normal portion.
The same would require about 800g of steak, by the way.
https://www.va.gov/WHOLEHEALTHLIBRARY/tools/glycemic-index.a...
Oats and most legumes (soy, peas, lentils, etc.) are like this as well. And spinach. Many other plant foods, like wheat, do have all the proteins required by humans, but not in quantities sufficient to meet the minimum intake at normal calorie levels if you ate them near-exclusively.
This is conjecture, but I suspect this is the underlying reason for why so many vegetarian dishes are based on a pairing of wheat or rice with a legume. Peanut butter + crackers. Tahini + pitas. Curry + rice. Bean + wholegrain salad. All the same pattern.
In my eyes and personal opinion, the diet we are most genetically optimal for is high fat, mostly carnivore, with seasonal fruits and berries, and remembering that modern fruits are nothing like what we have been eating for hundreds of thousands of years. And ideally insects, though they weren't a huge part of our diet. We after all are big herbivore hunters and scavengers.
OTOH, you can pry my veg from my cold dead hands.
Fruit juices however, totally worthless, just as bad as sugar.
Fat is healthy in a vacuum, fat with a carb heavy diet causes metabolic syndrome.
Fruit is healthy in a vacuum, but anything containing fructose, fibre or not, isn't great when you have metabolic syndrome, insulin issues or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Plenty of nutritional studies are completely worthless for this reason. There is no double-blind, randomised and controlled dietary studies.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.0...
A study doesn't need to be "double-blind, randomised and controlled" to have value. This study of 108,000+ people over 28-30 years is going to be more pertinent to the average person than, for example, an anecdote.
I do not think they are _unhealthy_, but there are some benefits in restricting them in some cases. In mine, cures _my_ digestive and mood issues. One is caused by whacked intestinal flora, and once your gut is completely destroyed, nutrient malabsorption caused by phytates and other phytochemicals worsen into systemic issues, including mood disturbances and inflammation. In my case, the experiment has been an absolute success, but I often succumb to the temptation of a pizza and I'm 5 steps back.
Long term, I will reintroduce some as they are benign, but grains are actually bad for me. Gluten is even worse, again, for me.
There is more, but this is good enough for an internet comment. The science is a google search away.
But vegs works great as a treat. Today I had a simple salad with my steak and it was lovely, though I'm a little gassier now.
If you use Reddit, look into /r/carnivore or /r/zerocarb.
I'd love to learn more about this type of diet btw, any recommendations before I jump into this rabbit hole?
It would be hard for me not to be in a caloric deficit. Meat and fat are incredibly filling, and once your body switches to ketone bodies and then fatty acid oxidation for fuel, it learns that, if you're overweight, you're carrying a ton of fuel ready for use. It's hard to explain if you haven't experienced it, but it actually feels _good_, as opposed to the regular carb and insulin dance.
Consult your physician.
In other words find people who are advanced in years and with the health results you hope to attain, and observe what they do. Preferably people with similar genetics to yourself!
Google is not science. Google is not a particularly good way for many people to consume science, either, as unless one has a scientific background and a good deal of perspective, the average person just ends up confirming their biases by only looking at "science" that conforms to their bias.
I for one, was a heavy meat eater for much my life. Going pescatarian (kinda, I really just do fish oil and maybe fish as a dish once a month) recently lead a huge quality of life for myself. Really though, anecdotes are nearly completely worthless.
All other health issues with meat aside, a fully meat diet is going to load you with iron, and iron is a vigorous initiator of free radical oxidations, and high iron is associated with early dementia. Iron is also super hard to remove the body. If I ate an all meat I would watch my iron closely and perhaps donate blood as often as possible. And if you combine lots of meat with junk carbs, then that is most destructive diet possible.
Yeah if you just go on there and do a mostly undirected mosey through whatever it suggests, you'll probably end up with low quality nonsense. The answer is to become better at using the tool.
Like you are preaching that meat gives too much iron and is bad, while in my experience decades of eating gluten have caused nutritional imbalances, one of which is called iron-deficiency anemia, and causes brain fog, tiredness, pallor and shortness of breathing. More meat and iron supplements (rarely) gives me an amount of energy I haven't felt in a decade. I've found this out for myself because even medical doctors keep repeating advice ("you should eat less red meat and more whole foods" is the MD's mantra) which doesn't respect one's own physiology and weren't able to track this down.
Yes, people can thrive on a diet of Mars bars, but it's not that simple and doesn't work for everybody. And I'd be more worried about heavy metals on a pescatarian diet than any other diet, vegan or otherwise.
> The issue with talking nutrition with people is that they think one size fits all and that the body and its digestion is a simple machine we have fully understood.
Anecdotes are worthless. Conditions get worse or better, for a variety of reasons and a sample size of one is statistically and scientifically worthless. It's nearly impossible to perform something like a double blind study on one's self, and even if you could make to bake out the bias, you still have sample size of 1. You may have found a system that you can live with, but the fact that you have concluded that an nearly all meat diet is the healthiest for you means either that you either aren't human or disagree with the vast majority of dietary scientific knowledge.
For what it's worth, I was on a keto diet for a number years and my approach to keto was a nearly all meat with moderate amounts of low carb vegetables. I did good on the diet as a rule and dropped weight as rock, but study after study has found that more meat equates more higher mortality and shorter health-span. I cut out a lot of the meat but continued to abstain from simple carbs and processes foods and now have given myself the best chance known to science to be healthy in terms of diet.
> Yes, people can thrive on a diet of Mars bars, but it's not that simple and doesn't work for everybody.
Also, nobody can thrive off a diet of mars bars, so I fail to see how that adds anything to your point. Are somehow trying equate eating only mars bars with eating a diet with fruits and vegetables? Eating a diet of all mars bars has a lot more in common with eating a diet of nearly all meat than it does eating a varied diet that includes significant portions of fruits and vegetables, in a extremely unbalanced diet sense.
> And I'd be more worried about heavy metals on a pescatarian diet than any other diet, vegan or otherwise.
You are consuming more heavy metals than I am with your daily meat intake than I am with my monthly fish. And antibiotics, dioxins, copper, arsenic, and many other adulterants that end up concentrated in factory farmed meats. So if you are worried about heavy metals, I would be worried.
https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Triathlon/News/Blogs/Multisport-...
With diets we don't see the effects fully in the short term and from what you said I highly suggest you work out how to eat a range of vegetables in your diet, to support your nutritional long term needs.
If it's not just fruit but also vegetables that trigger your digestive issues, are you aware of the low Fodmap diet? It is based around understanding which vegetables don't cause the inflammation you mentioned, designed for people with digestive issues and reducing food irritation and inflammation.
And no, you don't _need_ fibre. I'm right in the middle of the Bristol stool scale with zero fibre. Another thing that scientists are uncovering right now but "you need fibre, fibre is good" keeps being parroted by everybody because someone said so 5 decades ago. Such is dogma.
"Fuck it i'm just going to eat chicken soup and unaged beef and ghee" is not nuanced, nor is it a great idea long term probably, but it did bring a pretty abrupt end to a lot of the symptoms she was having, including but not limited to: diarrhea, esophagitis, duodenitis, insomnia, random undirected anxiety, lethargy and ovarian cysts. We don't yet know what she was eating before that was causing issues, but it seems pretty clear that the issue was in her diet. She is planning on slowly reintroducing foods but her planned timeline is measured in years.
I say this as a vegan of many years. I hate it, but I can't argue with the results so far.
I was introduced to the idea of FODMAPs
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/FODMAP
A low FODMAP diet basically restricts stuff like gluten, a lot of fruit and vegetables, etc. I've found it has pretty much solved my digestive issues, and if I cave in and eat a bread sandwich... I'm suffering for the next 2 days.
I think the human digestive system is highly complex, and should be the focus of a lot of research. There's so much we still don't know about the effects of what we eat.
I hope one day I can reintroduce "normal" food again... Because frankly FODMAP restriction sucks. At least I'm not wasting away anymore.
You are not interpreting genetic information. You are speculating about human evolutionary history and what "paleo" means.
all the things you're talking about involve pressing seeds.
Some of the most appreciated vegetable oils, like olive oil or avocado oils, are not even in the seed.
This claim does not have any sense. If there is a thing that most plants are known for, is as a source of valuable products after being processed.
So, it is incredibly dishonest to present this (or any nutrition "science" study for that matter) as science. It's no better than guessing or astrology.
No, non-science isn't science just because someone wants it to be.
> Are you implying a study over a billion people over their lifespan wouldn’t be worth pursuing because it can’t be controlled?
It should be pursued, and correlations explored and studied but the findings should be presented as what they are.