ZFS is probably closest to what you want.

It allows you to choose the amount of parity on the disk-level (as in: 1,2, or 3 disk parity in raidz1, raidz2 and raidz3). You can also keep multiple copies of data around with copies=N (but note that when the entire pool fails, those copies are gone - this just protects you by storing multiple copies in different places, potentially on the same disk).

[edit] To add another neat feature that allows for granularity: ZFS can set attributes (compression, record size, encryption, hash algorithm, copies etc.) on the level of logical data sets. So you can have arbitrarily many data stores on a single pool with different settings. Sadly, parity is not one of those attributes - that's set per pool, not per dataset.