Many nations have an official religion, often enshrined in their constitutions or even their names; for example, Pakistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and several others are officially defined by adherence to Islam. Many of these nations have terrible human rights records with respect to women, gays, and members of other religions. Many make the practice of other religions illegal. Yet only Israel,the world's only Jewish state, is singled out for boycotts and called an "apartheid state" by academics. Why? That is what is so clearly anti-Semitic about these boycotts.