TRIZ (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIZ) is a methodology that tries to solve problems by mapping them to a set of 40 "generic problems". It's not focused on algorithms per se, but on industrial problems.
[1]: https://store.systematic-innovation.com/systematic-software-...
Based on tens of thousands of Russian patents (i.e. problems + solutions).
Used by Samsung and others in modern "innovation", i.e. new patents.