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Index funds are a pretty broad class. Risk parity adjusted pairs (TMF/UPRO). Roboadvisors.

My investments knowledge is limited, but I think ARKG is an ETF, but not an index funds.

It is actively managed, meaning that specific stocks are selected to be part of the fund. This is the opposite of an index fund, where the goal is to buy the whole market.

That's why a fund like ARKG can sometime outperform the market, or, like recently, under perform. An index fund would match the whole market performance, no more no less.

Sorry I wasn't referring to ETFs, but strictly index funds when the person was talking about safe investing. I should have clarified in my comment.

Bonds. Some like precious metals. Each asset class has its own amount of risk (they aren't all equally safe).