Regulatory - The FDA et al. have a higher standard for what they'll approve in young children, given their developmental stages and substantial post-vaccine expected lifespan.
Biological - Early childhood immune systems work differently than adults', in that they have substantially boosted innate/naive defenses, but much poorer adaptive defenses. Consequently, whether and at what dosage a vaccine will be effective changes.
(Welcome corrections if the above summary is inaccurate)
[0] https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/child-adolesc...