I think there is a pretty sharp line separating what Holmes tried, and what legitimate startups do. What she claimed had no basis in reality. It's Borat trying to patent a hoverboard, just like in Back to the Future, and telling the VC that he "needs to come up with the science" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXuDhejxz_c). Except that Holmes was worse, claiming that she had the science.

And she insulated herself from scrutiny by packing the board with old powerful men. So old that their critical thinking skills were on the decline (e.g. George Schultz, as described in Carreyrou's book), and whose expertise was NOT in the relevant subject areas.

Holmes was obviously corrupt from the beginning.