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Related, yes, but the "th" in "that" should sound different (tongue touching edges of both top and bottom teeth, extending just past) from the "d" in "debt" (tongue touching roof of mouth just behind front teeth)

The vowels are tougher, though. I didn't appreciate how many different vowels there are in English until I married a woman whose native language doesn't have most of them (Hebrew doesn't have the "a" in "bad", the "i" in "grin", nor a bunch of weird regional American "o" sounds)

Do you here the same thing when listening to the US or the UK pronunciation of those?

https://www.wordreference.com/definition/bad

https://www.wordreference.com/definition/bed

(then yes, I guess it's coherent)

Native speaker here, from the Ozarks (US, on the Missouri/Arkansas border).

I can't hear the distinction between "pin" and "pen" unless I'm really paying attention. Even then I have to say it a dozen or so time before I can make myself say them distinctively. My birth accent is to pronounce them both mostly like "pin".