Yes you can. I could create something like this with both, most clean interfaces boil down to having a nice font, margins, padding and removing/overriding default os crap (focus outlines, hover effects, ugly borders etc).
Vanilla Qt (no QML) supports a decent subset of CSS(QSS) that can target widgets and objects etc. It's quite a bit of work if you're just getting started but it just comes down to knowing what to override, disable and what can be styled etc. In extreme cases where the native widgets are limiting you can just draw your own. I believe you could recreate about any interface with just Qt.
Three random apps of mine that use Qt and all look different but if you grok the src you can get an idea of what I mean.
1. https://github.com/iKlsR/Markr (https://github.com/iKlsR/Markr/blob/main/src/res/style.qss)
2. https://github.com/iKlsR/Playground
3. https://github.com/iKlsR/SDFSandbox (This one uses custom drawing for the node widgets)