There's classic USB (5V @ 0.5A) which is supported by every USB port and USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) which can negotiate power up to 240W. Your phone may require PD to charge but none of the ports on your PC provide PD thus it doesn't charge. USB-PD used to be really expensive and now it's still expensive so maybe only Apple supports outgoing PD from their computers.

Then there's proprietary charging protocols like Qualcomm Quick Charge that I hope are being phased out.