The TCP checksum catches some issues but it won't detect everything. Other newer algorithms like CRC32C are much more effective at detecting corrupt data.

The following is an excerpt from Performance of Checksums and CRCs over Real Data[0].

The TCP checksum is a 16-bit ones-complement sum of the data. This sum will catch any burst error of 15bits or less[8], and all 16-bit burst errors except for those which replace one 1’s complement zero with another (i.e., 16 adjacent 1 bits replaced by 16 zero bits, or vice-versa). Over uniformly distributed data, it is expected to detect other types of errors at a rate proportional to 1 in 2^16.

If you're deeply interested in this topic then I would recommend Jonathan Stone's Phd thesis.

[0] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3334567_Performance...