Hydrogen Is Not a Fuel, It’s a Cult
forbes.com
forbes.com
This guy is an automotive journalist and if he or his editors had used "Hydrogen personal cars are a cult," he would have had a point and I would have agreed with him. Literally everything he has said is specifically about hydrogen cars.
"These ideas appear to have been propagated to delay the uptake of battery-electric vehicles. In Europe at least, it doesn’t seem to be working yet, with every month an improvement on the last for EV sales."
Have they been propagated for that purpose? I don't think they have.
"The UK government is also putting a lot of emphasis on hydrogen, with some dramatic numbers about how many jobs could be created and how much the industry could be worth by 2050 (100,000 jobs and £13 billion / $17 billion). The UK has already switched a lot of its generation grid to renewables, particularly wind, which sometimes now supplies over half the country’s electricity. But that still doesn’t mean there will be loads of surplus to be used for producing hydrogen."
By 2035, the UK will have more offshore wind nameplate capacity than the forecast Average Cold Spell consumption peak. When you combine that with onshore wind, and solar PV it actually does mean a lot of instantaneous surplus.
Some of that will go into charging chemical batteries but even after that, there's a lot of MWhs going spare looking for a home. The poor efficiency of electrolysis is a lot less important at that point that electrolyser capex.
If you should wait for a hydrogen car instead of a battery one is indeed questionable. I also think that storing hydrogen will always be difficult. But as a fuel cell it might have its uses.
This isn't about either/or. Far more cultish is the idea that says otherwise.
It can't though, not without significant studies and possibly rebuilding them entirely: the temperatures and / or pressures involved are different orders of magnitude, and nat gas does not embrittle.
Industries have started trying to blend hydrogen and natural gas to transport the hydrogen, and even that's turning out to be rather risky[0] unless the line was designed specifically with that use in mind.
[0] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245232161...
Is it? I'm not aware of any such installations, this sounds pretty cool.
I don't want advertise hydrogen, but it is the most simple form of potential energy in our atmosphere and I have the impression that fans of the accumulator feel threatened somehow. Sure, investments in hydrogen technology should not negatively affect research in batteries. But since they already have real economical applications, I don't see any issue here. There are numerous interests that would want more powerful batteries.
Superconducting loops are definitely not the storage technology that will economically scale far enough to store weeks worth of energy usage of the attached electrical grid.
But weeks worth of storage (of energy, not necessarily electricity) is exactly what is needed to enable a stable grid based upon 100 % renewable electricity generation.
The simple evidence that leads me to this conclusion is: battery powered electric trucks ... as far as I know these are highly unlikely to become relevant (as in getting a significant market share of all trucks). Methanol fuel cell powered trucks (and not only trucks, but also ships and airplanes) appear to be a very relevant field of interest for companies at the moment.
As soon as methanol fuel cell powered vehicles become economically viable, battery powered electric vehicles will have a hard time competing with them except for specific niches.
Is it though? The round-trip efficiency of batteries is 70-95%, for flywheels it's 90%, for hydrogen it's under 50, and all the usual problems of hydrogen (danger, absolute pain in the ass to store, embrittlement) remain.
In practice, the price of electricity swings roughly 300% during a given day in California. At 12pm, there's so much solar power that most people's panels are turning off and electricity is damn near free.
At 7pm, there's so little energy on the grids (and the Peaker plants are having such a hard time keeping up with the "duck curve"), that the price of electricity skyrockets.
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Unless you plan to have your electric car charge at exactly 12pm every single day to take advantage of that excess solar energy (while also negotiating to participate in the raw electric energy market), all of that free solar energy is basically worthless to you.
In contrast, something like Hydrogen storage can "store" electricity by just creating more hydrogen.
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Perhaps you think that void can be filled by Li-ion batteries. But that comes down to a Li-ion vs Electrolysis question, and its almost undeniable that concrete-and-steel for storage is cheaper to build out than buying Lithium-ion / Cobalt / SiC MOSFETs / etc. etc.
What we want are machines that can suddenly grab all the free electricity off the grids at 12pm, and then they turn off by 7pm (for the duck curve), and then maybe turn on again at night (depending on the price of electricity). A "reverse peaker plant" if you will, that only uses electricity when the prices of electricity are cheap.
Hydrogen works for that. Li-ion is too expensive for this still.
Because there are competing storage solutions and the question is if hydrogen is actually "sensible here?
If you're wasting half your storage in round-trip costs, you're losing half your money during peak hours.
> In contrast, something like Hydrogen storage can "store" electricity by just creating more hydrogen.
In the same way something like a flywheel can "store" electricity by just spinning faster.
> Perhaps you think that void can be filled by Li-ion batteries.
I'm mostly pointing out that hydrogen is (currently at least) a very inefficient method of storage, on top of being an actively dangerous and problematic one.
> its almost undeniable that concrete-and-steel for storage is cheaper to build out than buying Lithium-ion / Cobalt / SiC MOSFETs / etc. etc.
it really is not though, you're not storing hydrogen (especially not safely) safely in a tub.
> Hydrogen works for that.
So you state, with no evidence to back it up.
So build the competing storage solution.
Except you can't. Because we all know that Li-ion is a dirty mineral to mine and extract, and that worldwide production of it is incredibly limited. And you know it.
So to meet our needs of expanding energy storage, the use of steel and concrete to store hydrogen is more scalable and cheaper to build out.
> I'm mostly pointing out that hydrogen is (currently at least) a very inefficient method of storage, on top of being an actively dangerous and problematic one.
And I'm pointing out that Li-ion is effectively impossible with our current means of production. So there's no point arguing for it as its being deployed as quickly as humanly possible.
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Li-ion is growing too slowly as an industry. Its not going to work, and expansion is going to be incredibly dirty. The critical components of Li-ion are quite dirty (Cobalt, Li-ion, etc. etc.), especially compared to steel and concrete.
This isn’t to say lithium is the last word in storage (I’d be surprised and disappointed if it was), but I don’t think you should be claiming it can’t solve our problems.
My personal preference is an antipodal power grid, which works out much cheaper if considered in isolation, but: (1) even with the political will that will take an annoyingly long to mine the resources for, and (2) mobile storage needs outweigh static needs by so much that (in the long term) a power grid can be stabilised by the batteries the car industry is waiting to recycle into new batteries.
If this is true, they sure have strange billing practices… I have solar panels and batteries and live in Southern California… I am billed by time of use, and noon is in “high peak”, where I pay the most for electricity. I have my system set up to use battery power at noon and send all my electricity to the grid because of this.
I use CAISO and OASIS, because its publicly available data. Furthermore, I focus on the AFPR_1__TOT_GEN-APND node (wherever it is), because its #1 on the list and therefore easiest to lookup. (I'm assuming the nodes are in alphabetical order)
http://oasis.caiso.com/mrioasis/logon.do
California is a focus because their website is easier to use. I don't live anywhere near there, so I can't say much about practical knowledge of the region. Still though, having this data open and free means I can use it as an easy point of discussion.
For that node, I can absolutely say that in the Summer Months (Say July 13th), HE09 (9am) was $51 and 12noon was $57... while HE20 (8pm) was $320. An increase of 600%. HE19 and HE21 are still $170, showing that 300% swings day-to-day are quite common and typical.
The 300% swings of LMP / locational marginal price is quite common on this node in the summer, even after we remove the extremity of HE20 (600% swing for one hour).
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A hypothetical energy solution that's 50% efficient is still worthwhile in the face of 300% price swings. In fact, a 300% price swing means that even 33% efficiency solutions are economically feasible.
People are underestimating the price swings of the energy market here whenever they talk about energy efficiency. We don't actually need much efficiency, we just need any storage, even the crappiest of storage, and we'll benefit. And we need a _LOT_ of that said storage.
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I realize that my methodology probably is full of holes. But that's where I came up with the 300% claim. Feel free to come up with a better methodology and/or improvements (I think if you told me which nodes are most representative, it'd be a big help for example).
.. but the capex of your electrolysis plant isn't, and a giant pile of platinum electrodes that only get used once a day isn't a great deal.
Fundamentally batteries and electrolysis are the same category of reaction - electrically driven redox. So you have three options:
- ions plate out as a solid on one of the electrodes ("battery"), or possibly a hot liquid (aluminium, molten salt batteries)
- change the ionization state of some liquid (flow batteries, e.g. vanadium chemistry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery )
- ions come off as a gas (hydrogen, but also e.g. chlorine if you electrolize salt water)
From there you have all sorts of detailed issues like "does this destroy the electrodes" and "is this annoying and/or dangerous to handle". I do wonder if someone should do a John D Clarke and just try all the most common ionic liquids.
Or we can build a bunch of different options and then see what works out 10 years from now?
Like, we all know that Li-ion electrolyte is incredibly flammable, and that electricity serves as an incredibly good and efficient spark source. But we're building them out anyway to see how it works out in practice.
https://www.technowize.com/fire-at-tesla-battery-site-in-aus...
Well, for one way or the other, it looks like we've accepted the fire risk. So "X might catch on fire" isn't exactly a strong argument to me anymore.
(A hybrid usage! A battery and an electrolyser? Of course most batteries with a water chemistry evolve some H2. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210223-the-battery-inve... )
I'd like to see the "we tried all the top 100 easiest positive ions with all the easiest 100 negative ions and here's how they work as battery chemistries."
I think redox flow is probably my favorite chemistry btw, and I'd like to see more redox flow experiments / test deployments.
Gravity storage is my next favorite.
Hydrogen doesn't even make top 3 for me as far as techs, but I'm open to it and have heard the arguments for it. I'm largely convinced H2 is a good idea that could work.
Maybe there needs to be a shift of paradigm for the electrical grid?
From: we need to use this renewable electricity when there's a huge surplus to generate hydrogen/methanol/... to store the energy for periods without sun & wind
Towards: we just power the electrolyzers at full capacity full time (generating surpluses of chemically stored energy that is available long-term for longer periods without sun & wind). Even if it means, that in periods without sun & wind (when electricity demand and price is already high) more gas plants need to be turned on. Seems counterintuitive, yes ... but if the economic benefit of running the electrolyzers with a profit exceeds the economic downside of spending more on CO2 equivalent certificates ... it might be reasonable.
Sure.
Absolutely no way you'll be paying for electrolysed hydrogen though, it's all cracked fossil fuels.
Yes. Which is why synthesis of liquid fuels from renewable electricity might become the better alternative to hydrogen. Methanol as an example ... eMeOH ...
Economics & carbon dioxide avoidance cost of methanol production based on renewable hydrogen and recycled carbon dioxide – power-to-methanol https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/se/c8se0...
Also, UK energy source is 73% fossil. Wind/solar will never be able to produce more than a fraction of what we need. And this is not even mentioning the energy and materials demand that such "renewables" require.
"Renewable" technology is simply not renewable because there's a finite amount of resources available on the planet. The high price tag of the technology is also a blocking factor.
If everyone went out and purchased EVs, the power grid would collapse. Plus there is a finite amount of lithium we need to make all the batteries we need. If demand for EV was higher, we'd need to slash and strip far more of the earth's surface than "green" energy activists would admit. Some estimates put our lithium available at 50MM tons, and we'd run out by 2040 if EVs were adopted at the same level as CV.
They may not preclude EV, new battery technology can be developed, but you still need to charge them. Unless there is some major breakthrough, the solution for this is nuclear.
But these facts doesn't stop those pushing the green energy, lobbying for "research" and selling products they know are flash-in-the-pan, with no long term viability.
On the contrary, the "green" energy industry, lobbyists, and talking heads act more like religious zealots than those who engineer and propose practical, affordable, & sustainable solutions.
"Those who can't, teach" is the saying
As for your numbers, you might want to check them. Reality and your numbers don't seem to line up. Your predictions are worth even less. We're not even close to running out of lithium. There's plenty of it and we can recycle it endlessly once we get out of the ground.
Also arguing for nuclear with weak arguments like you are presenting here is probably not helping that case. You are basically doing what you are (wrongly) accusing the journalists that wrote this article.
• There’s a finite amount of everything, the point of renewable resources is that we don’t literally set things on fire and then have to dig out more
• The sticker price for EVs is high in the west, not so much in China, e.g.: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56178802 — PV however is the single cheapest power source around, any difficulties you may have installing it are more to do with local building regulations and import duties than the actual cost
• I’ve definitely seen people simultaneously hold the positions that (1) lithium mining bad (2) combustion vehicles bad (and yet also (3) “poverty is a crime against humanity”), because people are complicated.
• The source of electricity to charge an EV makes no difference whatsoever to any concerns about the storage mechanism inside the EV; nuclear, solar, Lovecraftian horrors from beyond, bees, whatever.
• Tile cars in PV, in most parts of the world they get 75-90% of their needs with realistic assumptions; grid no longer has a problem with the remainder that they need to be plugged in for.
Parent poster was likely not referring to the electric grid but overall energy use of which the electrical energy is only a portion.
It's all about the energy density.
Now, will they eventually come around? Maybe, but a refillable combustion engine burning hydrogen certainly has some marketability, and perhaps some companies (like Toyota) made a miscalculation on how easy it would be to get people into EVs vs actually developing Hydrogen vehicles. I have a hard time understanding why Toyota has so little in EV offerings if this is not the case (and Toyota's advertising in Japan still doesn't mention full EV as the future).
Filling up methanol is much more convenient than hydrogen or charging a BEV.
The hurdles are of course that fuel cells are more complex and apparently not yet reliable and cheap enough to compete with batteries.
Also, the overall energy efficiency of FCEV will obviously never be on par with BEV.
My belief is that if enough big players in the truck/car/... industry invest heavily in advancing fuel cell technology ... then the huge advantage of ease/convenience of use (and also the independance from electrical grid) will make FCEV the most used tech in the long term.
Which is why I'd bet on methanol rather than hydrogen.
And I think you'd be surprised at how practical hydrogen can be for some use cases. Aircraft, for example, likely wouldn't even need cryogenic storage for liquid hydrogen because consumption rates are higher than evaporation rates even with basic foam insulation. And hydrogen pressure vessels are now getting to the point where they're feasible for trucks.
I highly doubt that energy density in respect to weight is in the top five of issues that stand in the way of widespread adoption of methanol as a fuel for FCEV.
I don't have any numbers on my hands on this. But even if you take into account the complete chain of energy transfer from storage to wheel (where a fuel cell adds inefficiency compared to BEV), then I'd guess a battery holding the same amount of mileage would weigh a multitude of the fuel cell and methanol tank system.
> ... in the 80s methanol was tried by a lot of trucking companies, which eventually came to the conclusion that the energy density was too low to make sense.
Well, back then the methanol was obviously compared to diesel/gasoline, not to batteries in an electric vehicle. Of course methanol can't compete with the former two, but since these are to be replaced, they're not the benchmark here, right?
> ... energy density by weight matters a lot.
I'm pretty sure that energy density by volume matters far more than by weight. Otherwise there'd be no issue just storing hydrogen at room temperature at low pressures such as 10 bars ... but then you'd probably pull another TEU behind the truck just for the low pressure hydrogen.
> Aircraft, for example, likely wouldn't even need cryogenic storage for liquid hydrogen because consumption rates are higher than evaporation rates even with basic foam insulation. And hydrogen pressure vessels are now getting to the point where they're feasible for trucks.
Sounds like a valid point. But doesn't this neglect the whole infrastructure _before_ the hydrogen reaches the vehicle/aircraft/whatever? Methanol could be easily pumped into/out of an existing tanker/tank and shipped around the whole world without time pressure ... or pumped through some pipeline ... it's low tech. I'll be surprised if we ever see a significant proportion of chemically stored energy being transported intracontinentally in the form of hydrogen.
Planes might be replaced with blimps. Hydrogen blimps with hydrogen storage on board outperforms any boat in terms of cost to move goods. Going from nyc to los angeles would be much longer, similar to driving across, but what if the blimp is like a resort or night train where you're given a room and beds? Have entertainment options.
Though really what the OP is about. Hydrogen isn't an option for cars. The japanese government made some decisions and now Toyota and Honda are pretty far behind. Even where Toyota in the USA with bzx4. We dont technically know yet but it seems like their battery sucks. They likely intended 150kw single motor and then 300kw dual motor. Yet their abysmal 160kw dual motor signifies their battery is trash. It's also tremendously small. They are targeting lower cost, which is fine, but low cost new platforms? They are going to have a bad time.
If toyota and honda are smart, they'll see their hydrogen call value in other transportation fields like blimps.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7CCq4oBgw4
The gist is that a company has found a way to store hydrogen energy using solid storage film that is compact, light, reusable, and durable. So "fueling" the car would be swapping out a small object (rather like a data tape).
For example when people stop refueling: Gas station shops lose customers, fuel transportation companies lose contracts, technicians maintaining the pump systems lose jobs, etc.
Lower maintenance BEVs also mean: Less work for car mechanics, lower sale of ICE maintenance products, like lubricants, less parts in a BEV also means less work for lots of automotive suppliers, etc.
Using hydrogen instead of batteries could save or at least extend the lifetime of a lot of these business models. That's why these companies try to push hydrogen so hard.
It never is. It is often, in my experience, a marker of a particular [political bias on the part of the author.
> A move to BEVs breaks lots of business models.
There are going to be a lot of dramatic changes coming and it is interesting to see just how little we are doing to take them into account.
Convert off-shore drilling platforms to hydrogen electrolysis, and transport it to land in existing pipelines as paste: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24529-3
My guess is we'll keep researching hydrogen, and eventually get to a point where it's economical, just like wind and solar.
For an example, see this aircraft Hertz talk from ZeroAvia, as well as other posts to HN. https://youtu.be/e6c2Dmh4Sq4
That said, he uses the term in the article himself
Anyone know of any factual articles about the issue?
I think the GP is warning against sentiments like this. It is really easy to declare someone who is passionate about something to have arrived at their stance due to uncritical acceptance. But, how do we actually know someone has arrived at their position because of "uncritical acceptance"? For instance, I am an advocate of nuclear energy and I'm sure many anti-nuclear folks out there believe that I have uncritically endorsed fission without thinking about the risks. But I certainly have thought about it. I am also of the opinion that the current state of renewables is in no way sufficient to actually solve our energy needs. In a way, it does sound like I am denying everything else. But I would counter that by saying I have good reason to hold that position.
https://news.ycombinator.com/threads?id=Hypx_
You'll need showdead on and scroll back through their comment history to see what I'm getting at, but if that doesn't leave you convinced then I would not know what to do next.
And even if he is correct, that doesn't give one the moral authority to look down your nose at the opposing camp. Its difficult to say that someone else swallowed the Kool-aid when you sound like you drank some of your own.
There is some debate whether to use methane reforming with CCS, though it's pretty controversial and there are some huge questionmarks whether that can deliver what's promised. But you can't do that in any practical way in a vehicle.
There's a tradeoff of course. What's easier for refueling stations is less convenient for the consumer. But if you're a fleet operator (ex: Delivery trucks or Semi-trucks), suddenly you care more about the cost of refueling stations.
So I dunno, lets have the methodologies compete and may the best tech win? I'm mostly just happy that a variety of alternative fuels are competing now.
The concrete and steel station of hydrogen refuelling is quite a few steps (miles) beyond petrol though, and the danger (and thus the additional security risks) are in an entirely different realm as well.
> So I dunno, lets have the methodologies compete and may the best tech win?
The problem is... compete how? Because currently electricity has already won (if we ignore the elephant of fossil fuels in the room).
https://www.reuters.com/article/olympics-2022-energy-hydroge...
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-hydrogen-olym...
By building and testing Hydrogen solutions. You may declare it over, except everyone sees the problem with electric and is continuing to try to make progress on this front.
> clean-burning fuel [...] as long as you make the hydrogen from a clean source
that's one hell of a footnote you've got here, because currently 95% of hydrogen production is not that.
Well done getting smoked by the electric car industry, and their attempt to sell their dirty Li-ion as a green source.
Come on, we both know this argument style isn't helpful. Or at least, I hope you understand that this style of discussion doesn't help anyone.
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EDIT: A more serious counterpoint: Japan doesn't have a fossil fuel industry, yet they are the ones pushing Hydrogen the most. I think your read on politics of this whole thing is a bit weird (albeit many people try to bring up your point, but it doesn't hit home for me)
Are you specifically worried about compressed storage or something else?
In contrast, Hydrogen is lighter-than-air, and immediately floats up to the stratosphere. As such, you absolutely get hydrogen explosions, but no long-term burns (like you'd get from a Li-ion fire or gasoline fire).
Whether or not that's "safer" is well... an interesting thought for sure. But its certainly an argument for hydrogen "safety" (or at least, mitigation of damages). If any Hydrogen fire only lasts 5 to 10 seconds before the H2 escapes to the upper-atmosphere, then your damage is surely mitigated.