> I would say that someone who is _not_ tribal would be more likely to live in a larger town or city, have more formal education

Everyone in Ghana with a formal education speaks at least 1 tribal languages. It’s a requirement for graduation that you learn a “foreign” language of a tribe that is not your own. So typically, you will speak 2 local languages.

Learning a local language is also a requirement for citizenship.

> And is able to say which specific tribe (geographic area, language, customs etc) they were raised in.

All citizens are required to list an ancestral village on official applications such as tax information, passports, nation IDs and bank accounts.

There’s no good comparison, but think it like the EU. You can live in London for 30 years, but you’re still French.